Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Voluntary National Review
on the
Implementation of the 2030Agenda for the
Sustainable Development
Prepared by the Government of the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea
in consultation with
National Partners in
the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
June 2021
1
CONTENTS
ACRONYMS............................................................................................................................3
OPENING
STATEMENT............................................................................................................5
HIGHLIGHTS
...........................................................................................................................6
1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................................7
2
METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS FOR PREPARATION
OF THE REVIEW .........................7
3
POLICY AND ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
...................................................................8
(A)
CREATING
OWNERSHIP OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND VNRS
....................................... 8 (B)
INCORPORATION
OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN
NATIONAL FRAMEWORK ........................... 8 (C) INTEGRATION OF THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL
AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS
........................................ 11
(D)
LEAVING NO ONE BEHIND .............................................................................................................
11
(E)
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS
........................................................................................................
11
4
PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS
...................................................................... 12
4.1
GOAL 1. IMPROVING PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOOD
.....................................................................................
12
4.1.1
Progress and
challenges .............................................................................................
12
4.1.2
Plans
...........................................................................................................................
15
4.2 GOAL 2. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SELF-SUFFICIENCY OF FOOD
............................... 15
4.2.1 Progress and Challenges
............................................................................................
15
4.2.2 Plans
..............................................................................................
17
4.3
GOAL
3.
ENSURE
HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL ...................................................
18
4.3.1 Progress and challenges
.............................................................................................
18
4.3.2 Plans
........................................................................................................
21
4.4
GOAL
4.
PREPARE
ALL AS INTELLIGENT WORKERS
..............................................................................
21
4.4.1 Progress and challenges
.............................................................................................
21
4.4.2 Plans
...........................................................................................................................
23
4.5 GOAL 5. CONSOLIDATE GENDER EQUALITY AND RIGHTS OF ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS
.................................. 23
4.5.1 Progress and challenges
.............................................................................................
23
4.5.2 Plans ...........................................................................................................................
24
4.6 GOAL 6. ENSURE SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION
............................... 25
4.6.1 Progress and challenges .............................................................................................
25
4.6.2 Plans
...........................................................................................................................
25
4.7 GOAL 7. ENSURE ACCESS TO SUSTAINABLE AND MODERN ENERGY FOR ALL
............................................. 27
4.7.1 Progress and challenges
.............................................................................................
27
4.7.2 Plans ...........................................................................................................................
28
4.8 GOAL 8. ESTABLISH SELF-RELIANT
AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY, AND ENSURE WORK FOR ALL ........... 29
4.8.1 Progress and challenges .............................................................................................
29 4.8.2 Plans
...........................................................................................................................
31
4.9 GOAL 9. PUT NATIONAL ECONOMY ON A JUCHE-ORIENTED AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS AND MODERNIZE
INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................
32
4.9.1 Progress and challenges
.............................................................................................
32
4.9.2 Plans
...........................................................................................................................
34
4.10
GOAL 10. ENHANCE THE POSITION AND ROLE
OF ALL THE MASSES AS MASTERS OF STATE AND SOCIETY ........
34
CONTENTS
ANNEX I THE DPRK SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS, RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES........... 51
ACRONYMS
2030 Agenda 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development
|
AMS
|
Academy of Medical Science |
|
AoA |
Academy of Agriculture |
|
CBS |
Central Bureau of Statistics |
|
CEDAW |
Convention of the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination
against Women |
|
CRPD
|
Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities |
|
DPRK
|
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea |
|
DRRP
|
disaster risk reduction plan |
|
EM-DAT |
International Disaster Database |
|
ESCAP |
Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific |
|
EUPS
|
European Union Project Support Office |
|
FAO
|
United Nations Food and Agricultural
Organization |
|
GFATM |
Global Fund against AIDS, Tuberculosis
and Malaria |
|
GFS |
gravity fed water supply system |
|
GHG
|
greenhouse gas |
|
GMP
|
good manufacturing practice |
|
ICNR
|
Institute of Children’s Nutrition
Research |
|
ICPD
|
International Conference on Population
and Development |
|
ICT |
information, communication and
technology |
|
MDGs
|
Millennium Development Goals |
|
MMR
|
maternal mortality ratio |
|
MoA
|
Ministry of Agriculture |
|
MoEER |
Ministry of External Economic
Relations |
|
MoEPI
|
Ministry of Electric Power Industry |
|
MoF |
Ministry of Finance |
|
MoFA
|
Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
|
MoFishery |
Ministry of Fisheries |
|
MoForestry |
Ministry of Forestry |
|
MoII
|
Ministry of Information Industry |
|
MoLEP |
Ministry of Land and Environmental
Protection |
|
MoPH
|
Ministry of Public Health |
|
MoPS
|
Ministry of Public Security |
|
MoR
|
Ministry of Railways |
|
MoSNRD |
Ministry of State Natural Resources
Development |
|
MoUM |
Ministry of Urban Management |
|
MPODS
|
Montreal Protocol on the Ozone
Depleting Substances |
|
NCCAS
|
National Climate Change Adaptation
Strategy |
|
NCCC
|
National Communications on Climate
Change |
|
NDRRS |
National Disaster Risk Reduction
Strategy |
|
NDG
|
National Development Goal |
|
NEPS
|
National Environmental Protection
Strategy |
|
NTA
|
National Tourism Administration |
|
NTF |
National Task Force for Sustainable
Development |
|
OCHA
|
United
Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |
|
PHC |
Population and Housing Census |
|
PSDS
|
public supply and distribution system |
|
SAoS
|
State Academy of Sciences |
|
SCEDM |
State Committee of Emergency and
Disaster Management |
ACRONYMS
|
SCST
|
State Commission of Science and
Technology |
|
SDGs
|
Sustainable Development Goals |
|
SDHS
|
Socio-economic, Demographic and Health
Survey |
|
SHA |
State Hydro meteorological Authority |
|
SHB |
State Hydro-meteorological Bureau |
|
SPC |
State Planning Commission |
|
TC |
Technical Committee under NTF |
|
UNCBD |
United Nations Convention on Bio
Diversity |
|
UNDP
|
United Nations Development Programme |
|
UNDRR |
United Nations Office of Disaster Risk
Reduction |
|
UNEP
|
United Nations Environment Programme |
|
UNESCO |
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
|
UNFCC |
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change |
|
UNFPA |
United Nations Population Fund |
|
UNICEF |
United Nations Children’s Fund |
|
UNSC
|
United Nations Security Council |
|
UNSF
|
United Nations Strategic Framework |
|
UPR |
Universal Periodic Review |
|
VNR
|
Voluntary National Review |
|
WASH |
water, sanitation and hygiene |
|
WFP
|
World Food Programme |
|
WHO
|
World Health Organization |
ACRONYMS
OPENING STATEMENT
On 25 September 2015, the United Nations
Summit on Sustainable Development adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development (2030 Agenda) committing to build the new world, by eradicating
inequality and poverty at the global level and ensuring human dignity and its
potential healthy lives, for not only this generation but also posterity.
The Government of Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea (DPRK) has recognized that the 2030 Agenda conform to the
national development policy for building powerful socialist country, and
expressed its full support. For implementation of the 2030 Agenda, the
Government has set up the National Task Force for Sustainable Development (NTF)
and also formed Technical Committee (TC). The NTF is responsible for localizing
the global SDGs, targets and indicators to the national SDGs and indicators in
conformity with the National Development Goals and coordinating activities
towards implementation of SDGs throughout the country. The TC integrates and
estimates data by indicator through national statistical system.
Based on the line of building the powerful
socialist country and the 2016-2020 five year strategy in May 2016 and the new
strategic line of concentrating all efforts on economic construction in April
2018 set forth by Comrade Kim Jong Un,
President of the State Affairs of DPRK, the Government has finalized the
country specific SDGs and indicators for implementation of the 2030 Agenda and
prepared the first Voluntary National Review (VNR) to submit to the High-Level
Political Forum (HLPF) for sustainable development.
The DPRK SDGs reflect, as the main
contents, to consolidate the foundations of the self-supporting national
economy by upholding the line of prioritizing science and education and provide
people with more affluent and cultured life through directing the primary
efforts to energy, agriculture, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and
environment as well as perfectly enforcing the peopleoriented policies. The
national SDGs, the successor of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), have
been elaborated on the basis of off-tracked MDGs indicators and of successes
and lessons learned during the progress towards implementation of the National
Development Goals (NDG) and sector plans. The national SDGs’ targets and
indicators will be further updated according to the new plan of national
development, surveys and assessment of the international practices.
This report describes the successes and
lessons learned during the implementation of each goal as well as the
challenges and planned priority activities. The continued sanctions and
blockade on the DPRK, severe natural disasters that hit the country every year
and the protracted world health crisis since 2020 are main obstacles to the
Government’s efforts to achieve the sustainable development of the country and
improve the people’s livelihood.
The Government, under the ideals of
"The people are God", single-hearted unity and self-reliance, will
dynamically advance along the road of Korean style socialism and accomplish its
beautiful ideals and goals successfully, through maximum use of its own
resources, technologies and internal force. The Government will also continue
to work closely with the international community for implementation of 2030
Agenda.
Finally, I would like to thank the
Secretariat of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
the Pacific (ESCAP) for rendering valuable cooperation in completing the first
VNR of DPRK.
PAK Jong Gun
Vice Premier
Chairman of the State Planning Commission
Chair of the National Task Force for Sustainable Development
OPENING STATEMENT
HIGHLIGHTS
The 2021 DPRK VNR is the first report
submitted to the HLPF by the Government, illustrating the policies and efforts,
challenges and priority plans of the Government to achieve SDGs in succession
of MDGs.
The 2030 Agenda which is more
comprehensive than the Millennium Declaration, announced 17 goals and 169
targets, covering all the sectors of economy, social and environment, and UN
published the methodologies related to implementing the 2030 Agenda, 232
indicators measuring progress towards SDGs implementation and the guidelines
for preparation of VNR.
Based on the experiences of localizing and
implementing the MDGs, the DPRK Government has established the country specific
SDGs through integration of the 2030 Agenda into NDGs and in line with the
relevant national laws and regulations.
The NTF, chaired by Vice Premier and
Chairman of the State Planning Commission (SPC), completed the SDGs
nationalization in close collaboration with all the line agencies and
coordinates implementation of the national SDGs. The TC under the NTF
integrates and estimates data by indicator measuring the progress towards
implementation of the goals through national statistical system.
The national SDGs framework consists 17
goals, 95 targets and 132 indicators, reflecting the Government’s priorities.
Same as the MDGs localization, the NTF has
localized the global SDG 1 for ending poverty as the continuous improvement of
people’s life, including the relevant national indicators in line with the
Government policy and the country’s context, ensuring the succession of MDGs to
SDGs. In addition, as all the people enjoy learning and health services under
the 12-year universal compulsory free education and the universal free medical
care systems, the relevant goals and targets were updated to higher level
according to the national development goals and sector plans.
During the selection of indicators, the
related data collection and the preparation of the VNR report, the results of
surveys including 2014 Socio-economic Demographic Survey (HDHS) and 2015
Malaria Awareness Survey that CBS conducted with line agencies, 2017 Multiple
Indicators Cluster
Survey (MICS) conducted by CBS in
cooperation with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), as well as the
technical inputs by UN experts and exchange of experiences with other countries
at the Regional Workshop on VNR organized by the ESCAP in April 2019 and the
participation in the regional workshop on the SDG indicators and the Northeast
Asia Stakeholders Forum on the implementation 2030 Agenda in October 2019 were
of great help.
The national SDGs progress was analyzed
and reviewed and the future plans designed, on the basis of annual data
collected from the national statistical offices and the results of sector
surveys conducted by CBS together with the relevant agencies.
The global targets and indicators that
confirm to the country’s context will be further added to the national SDGs
framework through necessary surveys and assessment of the international
practices.
The continued sanctions and blockade on
the DPRK, heavy natural disasters in consecutive years and the world health
crisis are main obstacles in achieving the national SDGs, showing the off-track
tendency in several indicators.
This report is prepared in combination of
successes, experiences, challenges and further focused plans in the
implementation of national SDGs with 2016-2020 five year plan.
HIGHLIGHTS
1 INTRODUCTION
Overview: The DPRK is geographically situated in the northeast of Asia. The
total land area is 123 138km2[1][2], of
which about 74% is mountainous and many of rivers and streams. It is one-nation
country and population size is 25 448 3502. The country is
administratively divided into 9 provinces and 4 municipalities (Pyongyang,
Nampho, Rason and Kaesong), and its capital is Pyongyang.
In recent years, Juche-oriented and
modernization of several sectors of the economy including electric power,
metallurgy, coal, chemistry and light industry have been accelerated, thus
increasing the self-reliant basis of the national economy.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2019 was
33,504 million US$[3], 1.2
times increase compared to 2015. The main sectors of economy include metallurgy,
coal, electric power, mine, machinery, building materials, chemistry and light
industry. The industry has the largest share in GDP, as 38.6%. In 2018, the
Government, following the new strategic line of concentrating all efforts on
economic construction, mobilizes all the human, physical and financial
resources to provide people with more affluent and cultured life through making
the economy on Juche-oriented and modern at a high level under the spirit of
self-reliance, self-development and relying on science and technology.
The
DPRK Government has affirmed that it will exert all its efforts to implement
the 2030 Agenda. The NTF has set up the country
specific SDGs, targets and indicators after intensive review of the global
SDGs, targets and indicators, UN methodology and guidelines for the
implementation of the 2030 Agenda, and coordinates the nationwide
implementation of SDGs.
2 METHODOLOGY
AND PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF THE REVIEW
The
DPRK Government integrated the global SDGs into the NDGs and sector plans and
finalized the country specific national SDGs.
Following the new strategic line of concentrating all efforts on economic
construction in April 2018, the NTF actively pushed forward the localization of
the SDGs and indicators. During the several thematic group discussions and the
plenary meetings, the NTF analyzed and reviewed the global SDGs and indicators
together with the success and experiences in achieving MDGs, and set up the
national SDG goals, targets and indicators by integrating the global SDGs
framework with the NDGs and sector plans. Moreover, the nationwide
institutional mechanism with the NTF as a main axis and the TC as a supplement
has been established to monitor, evaluate and coordinate the implementation of
national SDGs by indicator.
The
VNR report on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda was prepared involving all
the relevant agencies. In March 2021, the TC
integrated data through the national statistical system and submitted the
results to the NTF. The NTF organized the consultation meetings under the six
thematic areas of socio-demography, science and education, public health and
water and sanitation (WASH), economy and energy, environment and ecosystem and
disaster risk management (DRM), to discuss successes, experiences, challenges
and actions forward, and drafted the report based on those reviews. Since 52%
of the indicators measuring implementation of 2016-2020 five year plan are
linked to the national SDGs framework, the statistical data on its
implementation as well as the results of surveys including 2017 MICS conducted
in collaboration with UN organizations are used as inputs in preparing the
report.
Special
attention was paid to design the VNR report in line with the international
standards. The key members of the NTF and TC
participated in the regional workshops on VNR organized by ESCAP and the
Northeast Asia Stakeholders Forum on sustainable development in 2019 and
acquainted in depth the issues like definition and calculation of indicators,
report writing, the status of the Agenda implementation in other countries,
etc. through the professional supports from the UN experts and the exchange of
experiences with other countries.
Following the activation of the national emergency anti-epidemic
system in February 2020, the
NTF cancelled the national seminars
planned for exchange of feedback on implementation of the
2030 Agenda and the draft VNR report, and
decided to postpone the DPRK VNR presentation at the HLPF in July 2020 to July
2021. As the national emergency anti-epidemic system strengthened, the NTF
arranged the thematic virtual meetings with staffs from the line ministries and relevant agencies
to gather their comprehensive comments on the draft, and finalized the first
report.
3 POLICY
AND ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
(a) Creating ownership of the
Sustainable Development Goals and VNRS
The
DPRK Government has set up the country specific SDGs incorporating the global SDGs into the NDGs and according to the
relevant national laws, and pushes ahead its implementation in nationwide
scale.
In
March 2019, the NTF, through intensive consultations with the line ministries
and agencies, has set up the national SDGs. The
national SDGs have been included in the agenda items of the Cabinet together
with implementation of the socio-economic development plan, and the nationwide
system from the central to the lowest level has been established to assess and
coordinate its progress.
(b) Incorporation of the Sustainable
Development Goals in national framework
The
DPRK Government has established and implements the national SDGs, incorporating
the global SDGs into the goals for building the powerful socialist country and
2016-2020 five year plan. Priorities are given to
energy, agriculture, WASH and environment in the national SDGs and 53% of the
global SDGs targets are selected as the national SDGs or integrated with the
NDGs. The 2021-2025 five year plan also integrated the national SDGs, ensuring
the continuity of SDGs implementation.
Table 1. Inter-linkage between SDGs and NDGs
|
SDGs |
UN |
DPRK |
|
NDG 1: Strengthen the people’s
government and display the people-first principle |
||
|
|
Ensure
inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all |
Prepare
all as intelligent workers |
|
|
Build resilient infrastructure,
promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
Put
national economy on a Juche and modern
basis and modernize infrastructure |
|
|
Promote
societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and
build accountable and inclusive institutions
|
Consolidate
the Socialist System |
|
SDGs |
UN |
DPRK |
|
NDG 2: Develop all sectors based on
science and education |
||
|
|
Ensure
inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all |
Prepare
all as intelligent workers |
|
|
Achieve
gender equality and empower all women and girls |
Consolidate
gender equality and rights of all women and girls |
|
|
Build resilient infrastructure,
promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
Put
national economy on a Juche and modern
basis and modernize infrastructure |
|
|
Ensure
sustainable consumption and production patterns |
Ensure
sustainable consumption and production |
|
|
Conserve
and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources |
Sustainably
conserve and use coastal and sea resources |
|
|
Strengthen
the means of implementation and revitalize
the Global Partnership for Sustainable
Development |
Develop
friendly partnership |
|
NDG 3: Build self-supporting and
knowledge-based economy |
||
|
|
End
poverty in all its forms |
Improve
people’s livelihood |
|
|
End
hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture |
Develop
sustainable agriculture and realize self-sufficiency of food |
|
|
Ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all at all ages |
Ensure healthy lives and promote
wellbeing for all |
|
|
Ensure
inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all |
Prepare
all as intelligent workers |
|
|
Ensure
availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
Ensure
sustainable access to water and sanitation |
|
|
Ensure
access to reliable and modern energy for all |
Ensure
access to sustainable and modern energy |
|
|
Promote
sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all |
Establish
self-reliant and knowledgebased economy and provide employment |
|
|
Build resilient infrastructure,
promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
Put
national economy on a Juche and modern
basis and modernize infrastructure |
|
|
Reduce
inequality within and among countries |
Enhance
the position and role of all the masses as masters of state and society |
|
SDGs |
UN |
DPRK |
|
|
Make
cities and human settlements safe, resilient and sustainable |
Ensure living conditions and
environment for affluent and civilized life |
|
|
Ensure
sustainable consumption and production patterns |
Ensure
sustainable consumption and production |
|
|
Take urgent action to combat
climate change and its impacts |
Combat
climate change and its impacts reduction |
|
|
Conserve
and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources |
Sustainably
conserve and use coastal and sea resources |
|
|
Protect
and restore terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity
loss |
Sustainably
manage forests, restore land fertility and maintain biodiversity |
|
NDG 4: Construct fully developed socialist
culture
|
||
|
|
End
poverty in all its forms |
Improve
people’s livelihood |
|
|
Ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all at all ages |
Ensure healthy lives and promote
wellbeing for all |
|
|
Ensure
inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all |
Prepare
all as intelligent workers |
|
|
Build resilient infrastructure,
promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
Put
national economy on a Juche and modern
basis and modernize infrastructure |
|
|
Combat
climate change and its impacts |
Combat
climate change and its impacts reduction |
|
|
Conserve
and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources |
Sustainably
conserve and use coastal and sea resources |
|
The common goals interlinked to all
the NDGs |
||
|
|
Ensure
inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all |
Prepare
all as intelligent workers |
|
|
Achieve
gender equality and empower all women and girls |
Consolidate
gender equality and rights of all women and girls |
|
|
Build resilient infrastructure,
promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
Put
national economy on a Juche and modern
basis and modernize infrastructure |
The
global SDG 1 for ending poverty has been
specifically localized same as the national MDGs as consistent improvement of
the people’s living standard in line with the Government policy and included
the relevant national indicators,.
The
national targets and indicators will be further updated in conformity with the
country’s reality and the international standards through surveys and
assessments. The NTF, in collaboration with CBS and
line agencies, conducts the work of including the global indicators fitting
with the country’s context in the national indicator framework through in-depth
research and in consultation with UN agencies.
(c) Integration of the economic, social and
environmental dimensions
2030
Agenda requires the balanced development of three dimensions of economy, social
and environment. The national SDGs established by
incorporating the global SDGs into the national goals for building the powerful
socialist country and 2016-2020 five year plan reflect these three dimensions.
The integration of three dimensions in perspective of the inter-linkages
between the goals and targets are shown at the section 2, 6, 7 and 15 in
Chapter 8 that describe the progress of each SDGs and targets.
(d) Leaving no one behind
|
SDGs |
UN |
DPRK |
|
|
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
Global Partnership for Sustainable
Development |
Develop friendly partnership |
The
DPRK is the people-centered socialist state where the people-first principle is
the only lodestar in the state building and activities and where the masses of
working people are the master of everything and everything of the society
serves for their benefits. The State enforces the
public supply and distribution system (PSDS) covering all the households in the
country, social benefits, the universal free medical care, 12-year universal
compulsory free education, employment system after education for all the
working aged people, social insurance and security system, etc., ensuring all the
people become the masters and beneficiaries of the sustainable development on
the legal, institutional and practical basis.
(e) Institutional mechanisms
In
August 2018, the NTF has been formed, chaired by the Vice Premier and Chairman
of the SPC and vice-chaired by the Deputy Director-General of the CBS, and the
officials nominated by the line ministries and agencies. The NTF is mandated to set up and update the national SDGs, targets
and indicators as well as to coordinate the country-wide implementation through
oversight and review of the progress in consultation with the line ministries,
agencies and the People’s Committees at each level.
The
CBS plays the major role in data collection and assessment as the centre of the
national statistical system. The TC, composed by
CBS officials, submits to the NTF the results of assessment on the progress
status by goal based on the aggregated statistics. The NTF reports the
assessments and recommendations to its Chair. The SDGs progress is included in
the agenda of the Cabinet for its periodic review in connection with the
implementation of the ss and sector plans, and the relevant instructions are followed
up for nationwide implementation under the coordination the NTF.
Figure 1. National system for the Sustainable Development
4 PROGRESS
ON GOALS AND TARGETS
This chapter describes, by each of 17
national SDGs, the Government priorities, the progress, challenges and plans
forward in combination with the national MDGs results. It tracks the tendency
by each goal based on the current statistics collected by the national
statistical offices and the results of surveys including 2012 Nutrition Survey,
2014 Socio-economic Demographic Health Survey (SDHS), 2015 Malaria Awareness
Survey and 2017 MICS that CBS conducted in cooperation with the line
ministries, agencies and UN organizations. The baseline year is 2015 and the
data around 2015 are also used for some indicators.
4.1 Goal 1. Improving people’s
livelihood
4.1.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK is the people-centred socialist state where the masses of working people
become the master of everything and everything serves for their benefits. The “DPRK Socialist
Constitution” (adopted
on 27 December 1972, amended) stipulates that the State
regards the improvement of the people’s material and cultural life as a top
principle in its activity and provides the working people with all the living
conditions including food, clothing and housing[4].
The
Government gives top priority to fully meeting the people’s material demands
through the PSDS. The Government set the target of
“by 2030, sufficiently meet material requirements of people through state
supply and dwelling distribution systems” in this goal and selected “proportion
of households living in shared dwelling” as its measuring indicator. The
proportion households living in shared dwelling was 0.8% in 2015, 0.6% in 2018
and 0.5% in 2019.
The
Government pushes forward simultaneously the industrial construction to
strengthen the economic foundation of the country and other constructions to
satisfy the people’s demands on materials. During
the period of 2015-2020, Mirae Scientists’ Street, Ryomyong Street and Wisong
Scientists’ Residential Area were fashionably built and the dwellings
distributed free of charge to the residents in Pyongyang (about 9 500 dwellings in
total), while Samjiyon City was transformed into a
model of modern mountainous city (about 3 000 dwellings, 5 buildings of nursery and
kindergarten, about 20 buildings of public service and city people’s hospital). From March 2021, the dwelling construction has been launched on a
full scale to complete within the same year, of 10 000 dwellings and of special
800 dwellings as Pothonggang Riverside Residential Area in terrace-style for
labor innovators, merited persons, scientists, educators, writers, etc.
Pyongyang basic foodstuff factory, Samjiyon potato powder factory in Ryanggang
province, Kumsanpho fish pickling factory in South Hwanghae province and
Jungphyong greenhouse farm in North Hamgyong province, as well as local
factories such as child food processing factory and foodstuff factories in each
province have been rehabilitated or newly built in modern and unique way to the
region, contributing to the improvement of the people’s livelihood.
After
the severe natural disasters by typhoon and floods
occurred annually from 2016 to 2020, the Government, mobilizing all the human
and material resources for rehabilitation, built about 37 000 dwellings and
distributed free of charge to the residents and repaired about 31 000 dwellings
in the affected areas for their stable livelihood.
The state investment has
been increased to the orphans and the elderly with no one to look after them. The Government set the target of “increase state investment to
orphans and elderly with no one to look after them so as to live free from
worries”, and “number of orphans’ primary school/baby home/ orphanage/rest home
which are modernly rehabilitated”, “population by type” as measuring
indicators. The State has legally defined that those who are old-age, incapable
to work due to illness or disability, and elderly or children with no caretaker
have the right to get material aids, and this right is ensured through free
medical care system, increased
health facilities like hospital
and sanatorium, public social insurance and security system[5].
During 2015-2020, 67 units of baby home, orphanage, orphan’s primary and
secondary school and rest home were newly built or rehabilitated.
The
bases for cultural and leisure activities for people are newly built and
peopleoriented policies being consolidated including paid leave, recuperation
and relaxation at state expense. As stated in the
socialist constitution to make all the working people fully enjoy the socialist
culture and leisure life by arranging the modern bases for cultural activities[6], the
Government set the target of “by 2030, increase systematically number of splendid, modern bases for cultural and
leisure activities for people and further consolidate people-oriented policies
including paid leave, recuperation and relaxation systems at state expense”.
Between 20132020, Masikryong Skiing Resort, Mirim Horse Riding Club, Munsu
Wading Pool, Rungra People’s Sports Park and Yangdok Hot Spring Resort were
completed, indoor stadium and outdoor sports facilities newly built across the
country and the construction of Wonsan-Kalma coastal tourist resort being in
progress at the world standards.
In
order to adapt with climate-related natural disasters, the national system of
crisis management has been set up and relevant measures taken, however,
challenges still prevail. In 2014, the State
Committee of Emergency Disaster Management (SCEDM) was formed and institutional
structure to response disasters established from the central to the lowest
level; National
Strategy of Disaster Risk Reduction
(NSDRR) is under implementation and local DRR plans are formulated, while other
national DRR-related laws being revised. Severe natural disasters occurred
every year during 2015-2020 effected several regions of the country. To cope
with natural disasters, it needs to improve the infrastructures, conduct
reforestation campaign as annually planned and mobilize domestic potentials,
and to strengthen the international cooperation as well.
Measurement: The Government evaluates the status of people’s living standard
based on the data from the current statistics and the results of various
surveys regularly conducted including MICS.
4.1.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Fully
demonstrate advantages of the socialist system:
During the 2021-2025 five year plan, 50 000 dwellings will be constructed in
Pyongyang to substantially resolve the housing issue of the citizens and the
regional specific constructions in each county be pushed ahead in a planned way
to provide the people with maximum social benefits and cultured living
conditions.
Reduce
disaster risk: The national system of crisis
management will be strengthened and the efforts be exerted for afforestation
and water conservancy projects to minimize the disaster risks and provide
people with safe living conditions
4.2 Goal 2. Sustainable development of
agriculture, self-sufficiency of food
4.2.1 Progress and Challenges
The
Government of DPRK gives the top priority to realize the sustainable
development of agriculture and self-sufficiency of food. Despite of several positive measures to increase the cereal
production, the national MDG target of cereal production of 7 million tons was
not achieved. The production in 2018 was about 4.95 million tons, the lowest
during the last 10 years. The main reasons of reduced production are the
natural disaters and weak resilience, insufficient farming materials and low
level of mechanization.
Figure 2. Annual cereal production
The Government waged an intensive drive for scientific farming and
high yield and thus produced 6.65 million tons, the highest yield during the
last 10 years. However, due to the natural
disasters by consecutive typhoon and floods, the production was reduced to 5.52
million tons in 2020.
As
the arable land is limited, the tideland reclamation is considered as important
solution for agricultural development and improvement of the people’s
livelihood, and the national efforts are paid to its implementation. The new land of about 13 000 hectares was reclaimed, as the results
of completion of large-scale nature transforming project in April 2021 on
reclamation of Honggondo and Ryongmaedo tidelands in the West Sea area
commenced in 2012.
The
efforts are focused on breeding of superior strains in larger numbers,
increasing fertility of soil to ensure the sustainable food production system. Several scientific research results including high-yield seeds and
suitable farming methods were introduced and about 20 new models of farming
machineries invented and produced. However, challenges still remain in
developing superior strains like seeds resistant to salt and cold, improving
significantly the fertility of soil, preventing soil acidity and land loss by
floods, etc.
Considerable
efforts are directed to sustainably develop stockbreeding, vegetables, fruit
farming and fishing culture. The joint
stockbreeding by cooperative farms and the sideline stockbreeding by individual
farmers are encouraged, and greenhouse culture, fresh-water and offshore fish
farming widely conducted, while the offshore cultivation areas expanded.
Remarkable
improvement has achieved in sharply reducing the malnutrition prevalence among children under 5 years of age and address the nutritional
needs of all the women.
Figure 3. Prevalence of stunting and wasting among under 5
children (%)
Active
cooperations with the international organizations have been conducted in the
fields of food security and nutrition. The
Government, in collaboration with the international organizations including
UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA, WFP, FAO and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), implemented
several projects on reduction of post-harvest loss, seed improvement,
nutritional improvement, food for asset, etc and achieved a series of
successes.
Measurement: The cereal production and the household consumption of food and
subsidiaries are measured through the crops output estimation, nutrition
assessment and MICS in the selected areas annually or per 3 to 5 years.
4.2.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Realize
the self-sufficiency of food: During the 2021-2025
five year plan, the goal of cereals production should be achieved by increase
of per-hectare yield and expansion of crops cultivation area through putting
efforts into seed production, scientific farming, increased output in
low-yielding fields, cultivation of new land and tideland reclamation, pushing
irrigation and mechanization of agriculture and strengthening state assistance
to the rural economy; sustainable development should be ensured in animal
husbandry, fishery, vegetables and fruit growing.
Develop
agricultural science and technology. The
agricultural development strategy should be revised and implemented on the
sustainable basis. The industrialization of seed processing and quality
control, improvement of wheat and barley strains for semi-annual crop,
diversification of vegetable species, encouragement of organic farming method,
industrialization of vegetable production, introduction of the advanced
cultivation methods, establishment of the agricultural information system will
be pushed forward.
PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS
4.3 Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all
4.3.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK Government ensures more cultured living conditions and constantly promotes
their well-being. The State has legislated that the
people’s lives will be protected and the health of working people promoted
through consolidation and development of universal free medical care system,
strengthening of district doctor system and implementation of the policy on
preventive medicine[7]. Thanks
to the universal free medical care system, all the people have access to
medical services without any charge, irrespective of sex, age, occupation or
residence. The universal free
medical care system was enforced from 1953 and the complete universal system
from 1960. There are the health facilities from the central to the lowest
level, medical university, health staff training centres including nurses’
training school and the medical science and research institutes in every
province. The district doctor system is operated and the prevention kept ahead
of all medical services, to protect and promote the people’s health.
The
consolidation of material and technical foundations has been accelerated in the
public health sector. Between 2012 and 2020, modern
health facilities were established in a modern style, including Breast Tumor
Institute of Pyongyang Maternity Hospital, Okryu Children’s Hospital,
Ryugyong General Ophthalmic Hospital,
Ryugyong Dental Hospital and Myohyangsan Factory of Medical Appliances as well
as health oxygen factories in Pyongyang and several provinces, thus the health
services for the people have been consistently improved. In 2020, the government
has started a new construction project, Pyongyang General Hospital, for the
purpose of the comprehensive medical service to the people.
There
has been considerable progress in protection of maternal life and health. The Government set the target to reduce the maternal mortality
ratio to less than 40 per 100 000 live births by 2030.
Figure 4. Maternal mortality per 100 000 live births
Proportion
of births attended by skilled health personnel was
increased from 97.3％ in 2010 to 99.5％ in 2017. Its target is to reach 100% by 2030.
Considerable
progress has been made in reducing child mortality.
The Government set the target of, by 2030, reducing the neonatal mortality rate
per 1 000 live birth to less than 6 and under 5 mortality rate to less than
12.
Figure 5. Under 5 and neonatal mortality rates per 1 000 live
births
The
notable success achieved during MDG period was the malaria incidence reduction. Its incidence rate has been rapidly declined since 2010, from 0.52
in 2015 to 0.15 in 2020, and there was no direct death from the epidemic.
The
tuberculosis (TB) incidence decreased from 451 in
2015 to 354 in 2018 but increased in 2019 to 376 and again decreased to 351 in
2020 and Hepatitis B from 6.8 in
2015 to 5.9 in 2020 per 100 000 population.
The supports from Global Fund against AIDS, TB and Malaria
contributed to the reduction of malaria and TB incidence.
Suicide
mortality does not rise as a social issue in the
DPRK where the people are the master of everything and everything is geared to
their benefits.
The
Death rate by road traffic injuries per 100 000
population was 8.5 and 7.3 respectively in 2015 and 20208.
The
Government set the target of, by 2030, reducing by one third the premature mortality from
noncommunicable diseases through improving the quality of the
universal free medical care system and implementing preventive medical policy.
The reproductive health
services have been improved. Proportion of women of
reproductive age who have their need
for family
planning satisfied with modern methods
was 89.6% in 2014 and 89.7% in 2017, and adolescent (aged 15-19) delivery rate
per 1 000 women was 19.
Mortality
rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution is not confirmed yet and the ambient density of PM2.5 increases
gradually. However there are some difficulties including in measuring the PM
and introducing clean fuel and combustion technologies.
Mortality
rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene is not confirmed yet. Several measures were taken including the
introduction of the gravity fed water supply system and pumping system powered
by wind and/or solar energy.
The mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning per 100 000 population was 0.6 in 2015 and 0.4 in 202010.
The
State acceded to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and raises awareness among the people on the harmful use of tobacco and
“Cessation Law in DPRK” has been adopted in October 2020, but the prevalence of
tobacco use is still high among persons aged 15 or over, as 46.3% in 2015 and
46.1 in 201711.
The
lack of the capacity of health personnel, low technical foundation of
pharmaceutical and medical appliance plants and shortage of essential medicines
remain as challenges. Some of the pharmaceutical,
vaccination and medical appliance plants do not reach at the level of GMP of
WHO and not meet the local demand as well. Most vaccination is supplied through
joint funding mechanism between the Government and GAVI, the Global Alliance.
Measurement: The MoPH collects routine data on morbidity by age, sex and cause
from the central hospitals down to the lowest clinics. Data on well-treated
and/or not-treated diseases in the particular hospitals or clinics, treatment
methods, medicines and facility conditions are also compiled and
comprehensively analyzed for the treatment of diseases. In addition, data are
collected and aggregated through regular medical examination of household
members by section doctors and physical examination of children and pupils at nurseries,
kindergartens, baby homes, orphanages and primary schools in the country.
Assessments are also done through surveys including MICS and RH survey in
cooperation with UNICEF and UNFPA.
8 Ministry
of Social Security, DPRK
9 2017
DPRK Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
10 Ministry
of Public Health, DPRK
11 2015
DPRK Non-communicable Disease Survey, 2017 National Smoking Survey
4.3.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Stick
to the policy on preventive medicine: With full
implementation of the “Law on Public Health of the DPRK” (adopted on 3 April 1980,
amended), it should increase the average life
expectancy of the population, prevention rate of infectious diseases and other
health indicators to the world’s advanced level; by means of strong section
doctor system, section doctors pay routine visit to households and workplaces
under their charge to take preventive steps and cares of health with
responsibility. Consolidate the material
and technical basis of the public health sector: It is to complete the
Pyongyang General Hospital at the highest level, build Provincial People’s
Hospitals in a modern general style and modernize the curative and preventive
facilities of the country like the Samjiyon City People’s Hospital as a model.
The basis for the provision of the materials should be firmly established
including through renovation and modernization of the pharmaceutical factories
such as Pyongyang Pharmaceutical Factory and the factories of the medical
consumables.
Improve
the quality of medical service: It is to improve
the quality of medical service through perfect telemedicine and emergency
medical care systems and introduction of quality management system of medical care.
It is also to make traditional Koryo medicine more scientific and localize
essential medical equipment and medicines at high level.
Construct
the solid basis of the anti-epidemics. It is to
thoroughly prevent the invasion of the communicable diseases from abroad by
strict inspection and quarantine of personnel at every entry points and
thorough measurement to detect the probable cases like feverish case in time as
well as the strict system of disinfecting all imported goods. To cope with any
global health crisis, the material and technical basis of the hygiene and
anti-epidemic sector should be completed and the anti-epidemic system be
strengthened to ensure the life and safety of the people.
4.4 Goal 4. Prepare all as intelligent
workers
4.4.1 Progress and challenges
In
the DPRK, all the people enjoy their learning thanks to the universal 12-year
compulsory education system, the full-time higher education system and the
study-while-working system. With the implementation
of the policy on valuing education, the SDG targets of universal primary and
secondary education enforcement, and the pre-school education provision were
achieved long time ago.
The “Socialist Constitution of the DPRK”
legalized the enforcement of one year pre-school compulsory education and
free-of-charge study for all pupils and students. The State introduced
universal compulsory primary education from August 1956 and universal
compulsory secondary education from November 1958, and abolished tuition fees
in all education institutions from April 1959. The universal 10-year compulsory
education and 1-year pre-school compulsory education system was introduced in
April 1973 and the universal 12-year compulsory education system in September
2012.
Thanks
to the universal 12 year compulsory education, the
proportions of children at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a
minimum proficiency level in reading and mathematics are 97.5% and 83.2%
respectively, net enrolment rate in primary school 87.4％, participation rate in
one year before the official primary entry age 97.1%, parity indices 1 and the
literacy rate of the population between the age of 15 and 24 is 100％12.
The
Government focuses on improving environment and condition of education and
raising the quality of education. Under the state
investment and the sponsor organizations’ support, the daily renovation of
educational environment at primary and secondary school in the whole country
proceeded, the content of education developed practical, comprehensive and
updated and the classrooms and laboratories rehabilitated multifunctional in
about 200 universities and colleges, and Pyongyang Teachers Training College was
rebuilt as an excellent centre for training teachers.
Study-while-working
education system has been consolidated. The State
stipulates to develop regular education system together with the different
types of study-while-working-system13, thus, the working people
receive high education according to their wishes through part-time study
systems like factory, farm and fishermen’s colleges. The tele-education system
has been established and the Sci-Tech Complex was built in 2016 as a great
temple of learning for all the people and a centre for disseminating the latest
science and technology.
There
remain challenges in improving content and method, condition and environment of
education in line with the global trends of educational development. There exist issues like low level of innovating educational content
and methods, prone to forms rather than improving educational environment
according to the pedagogical requirements, distinction in secondary
12
2017 DPRK Multiple Indicator
Cluster Survey
13
“Socialist Constitution of the
DPRK” Article 46
education between the rural and urban
areas, etc.
Measurement: Education statistics including admission ratio are collected from
the regular statistics of CBS and Education Commission (EC), population census
and MICS. EC collects data on the indicators through Education Information
System (EIS) on a regular basis.
4.4.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Further
improve education system: General secondary
education system should be perfected, the overall higher education system
improved including the establishment of the courses of the advanced and
interdisciplinary science and the tele-education system expanded in order to
offer larger number of working people accessible to higher education.
Constantly
improve the educational environment, content and method. It is to bring constant improvement in the content and method of
education and teaching management system and raise qualifications of teachers.
Continued cooperation with international organizations including UNESCO and
UNICEF is needed to improve educational environment, content and method.
Consolidate
the material and technical foundations of the educational sector. It is to systematically increase investment to the educational
sector, to promote the construction, rehabilitation and modernization of
schools and encourage the sponsor organizations to assist educational
institutions materially and morally.
4.5 Goal 5. Consolidate gender equality
and rights of all women and girls
4.5.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK has achieved gender equality long time ago, thus most of the targets of
the global SDGs have been achieved. As the “Decree
on Gender Equality” promulgated on July 30, 1946, women, who suffered
restriction of feudalism and underwent fate of colonial slavery for centuries,
could attend the state activities and social life with equal freedom and rights
with men. It is legally regulated that women have the equal social status and
rights with men, and women and children are protected through paid maternity
leave, shortened working time for women with several children, and other social
benefits[8]. The
DPRK has adopted several laws such as the “DPRK Law on the Protection and
Promotion of the Rights of Women”, the “DPRK Law on Labor Protection” so that
the social standing and rights of women have been strengthened in all spheres
of socio-economic life.
Women
have also equal rights with men to vote and to stand for election for organs of
state organs at all levels. The Government complies
with the requirements of the “Convention on Elimination of Discrimination
against Women” (CEDAW, accessed on 27 February, 2001) and
submits regular reports to UN on its implementation.
The State is further
strengthening the rights of women in all domains of political, economic and
social life. Women accounted for 20.2% of the
deputies elected for the 13th Supreme People’s Assembly (SPA) in 2015 and 17.6%
for the 14th in 2019, and more than 25% for the local people’s assemblies.
The progress has been made in ensuring the Reproductive Health (RH) Service. Contraceptive
prevalence rate was reported 78.2% and 70.3% respectively in 2014 and
2017 and the unmet
family
planning
rate reached 7.0% and 6.6% in the same years. As
agreed in the “Cairo Action Plan on Population and Development” and the final
documents of the Beijing Forum, the Government in collaboration the UNFPA is
implementing five year National RH Strategy since 2007.
Among the mobile phone subscribers aged between 15 and 49, men were 55.7% while women were 47.9%, in 2017.
Mental
and physical violence is not a social issue in the
DPRK where the people are masters of everything and everything serves for
people.
Measurement: Data on gender equality are collected through the population and
housing census, MICS and RH survey.
4.5.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plan.
Ensure
the empowerment of women: It is to properly
implement the state laws related to gender equality and appoint more women to
the leading positions of government and other organizations.
Promote
the education for exertion of women’s potential: It
is to enhance different types of educations including compulsory, high-level,
professional, specialized, technical, art and commercial service educations for
women in various forms and methods so as to display their capacity and
potential in appropriate jobs in accordance with their wishes.
4.6 Goal 6. Ensure sustainable use and
management of water and sanitation
4.6.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK Government takes active measures to ensure safe drinking water and clean
sanitation for all people, but the progress is slow. The “DPRK Law on Public Hygiene” (adopted on 15 July 1998, amended) regulated the system and order in the public hygiene including for
air protection, water and sanitation (WASH), dwelling, public buildings and
establishments.
In
the country, the gravity fed water supply system (GFS) has been proven
effective and introduced widely, contributing to drinking water supply to the
residents. As the GFS is energysaving water supply
system with effective use of water resources and supply drinking water on a
sustainable basis, and thus recognized suitable to the country’s real
situation. Several projects for the standard supply of drinking water through
the GFS are in progress in different provinces, cities and counties. In those
regions where the GFS is introduced, every household is free from worries on
drinking water as this system provides non-stop drinking water everyday
regardless of seasons. In 2018, a provision to give priority to GFS in
construction of water supply systems was added to the detailed enforcement
regulation of the “Law on Water Supply”, and the effectiveness of GFS is
advocated broadly through the mass media.
Table 2. Proportions of population access to safe drinking
water/safely managed sanitation facilities, 2017 (%)
|
Population access to safe drinking water |
Area
|
Population access to safely managed sanitation facility |
Area
|
||
|
Urban |
Rural |
Urban |
Rural |
||
|
60.9
|
71.3
|
44.5
|
47.5
|
70.8
|
11.4
|
Special
attention should be paid to improve the water quality. In recent years, due to the imperfect technical conditions of the
sewage disposal plants and lack of equipment and reagents, the industrial and
household wastewater are released to the rivers and streams and drained to soil
without full treatment in some regions, thus resulting pollution.
Challenges
remain in increasing the effectiveness of water use and supplying enough water. In the agricultural sector, the irrigation facilities should be
regularly maintained so as to reduce loss of water, and the production
processes of factories and enterprises converted to water saving type.
Projects
are underway for integrated water resources management (IWRM) in cooperation
with neighboring countries. According to the 2020
UNEP indicator assessment criteria, the national score for IWRM implementation
was around 65. The law on IWRM was adopted, relevant institutions created, and
infrastructure for rational use of water resources is built according to the
plan. Protection of the ecosystem and environment, use of water, loss of arable
land and other matters are settled through discussions based on the principle
of joint management and use of water in River Amrok zone between the DPRK and
the People's Republic of China.
Measurement: The data related to the access to the safe drinking water is
collected through surveys including MICS. It is necessary to introduce
international standard in assessing indicators related to sewage and waste
treatment. The system for monitoring water resources and quality is not in full
operation due to the technical limitation.
4.6.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Ensure
enough safe drinking water for all: It is important
to implement the “DPRK Law on Water
Supply” (adopted on 25 November 2009) and give top priority to ensuring the normal supply of
PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS
drinking water to the people. Further
introduction of GFS in cooperation with UNICEF and other international
organizations is expected in this regard.
By
2030, ensure 100% disposal of households and industrial wastewater in line with
the national environmental protection criteria: Water-related
laws should be thoroughly implemented including the “DPRK Law on Sewage System”
(adopted on
10 December 2009), “DPRK Law on Antipollution of River
Taedong” (adopted
on 23 September 2008, amended), and “DPRK Law on
Antipollution of Sea” (adopted on 22 October 1997). The
overall wastewater disposal treatment plants and networks should be modernized,
repaired and properly maintained for regular operation; 100% collection and
disposal system of households and industrial wastewater should be established
in urban and rural areas, and a nationwide system for monitoring water
pollution be established. Meausures should be taken by steps for ensuring
sustainable and effective use of water and management and technologies
introduced for effective management of disaster risks.
Achieve
sustainable development of protection of water resources: The national economy should be converted to water-saving type. The
agricultural sector should actively introduce water-saving farming methods and
the industrial sector reduce volume of water usage and increase the recycling
rate of waste water. In view of climate change, it is necessary to adjust
demand for water and prevent water shortage according to changes in water
resources and develop facilities and devices for water preservation. The
measures to ensure the sustained and effective water usage and management
should be taken by step and the technologies relevant to effective DRM be
introduced.
4.7 Goal 7. Ensure access to
sustainable and modern energy for all
4.7.1 Progress and challenges
The
proportion of population accessed to the national power grid was 99.7% in 2017[9] and yet, the increasing electricity demand has not been fully met.
According to the results of survey on energy demand and resource assessment in
15 communities of 6 counties in 2016 conducted under the UNDP SES[10]
project, the index of access to electricity supply in the households is 2.24[11] and
the proportion of population using electricity is 97.6% on average, and the
index of access to electricity in the rural areas are low. In order to ensure
index of access to electricity supply being 5, it is above all to expand and
improve electricity supply. The power generation of the country has been
decreased and much influenced by seasonal and climatic impacts, and the power
generation per capita is also being decreased against increased population.
Hydro and thermal are the main power sources and renewable energy is being
actively introduced.
The
Government of DPRK gives top priority to solving energy issue. “DPRK Law on Energy Management” (adopted on 4 February 1998, amended
several times) stipulates that energy supply plan
should be correctly designed and implemented; technical regulations and
standard operation methods observed in equipment operation; highly efficient
equipment and technical processes introduced; the construction of small and
medium sized power stations accelerated and their operation normalized; and
alternative energy should be actively mobilized. Since 2015, the construction
of several power stations and large scale multi-stage hydropower stations with
total generation capacity of 950MW is actively pushed forward, and in 2018, the
technical improvement and capacity expansion of thermal power stations were
carried out. The integrated management of national grid system is established
and the LED bulbs introduced to every unit and household. The heat wave and
drought continued since 2016 affected negative impacts on the power
generation.
The
proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology
remains low and its progress is off-track. The
proportion of households using electricity and/or gas and central heating
system for heating and cooking in 2014 were respectively 12.4% and 12.4% in
urban, 0.5% and 2.4% in rural18 and the proportion of the population
with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology in 2017 was 10.3% in the
country, 15.8% in urban and 1.5% in rural19. Most of households in
urban area use coal for cooking and heating while most of households in the
rural area depend on firewood and agro-residues. It is necessary to take active
measures to use clean fuel and technologies.
The
renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption is decreasing
gradually. Though the renewable energy consumption
increases, the ratio of the renewable energy was 14.5% in 2015 and did not meet
the world level of 18% and it shows tendency of decline to 11.4% in 2019. The
Government encourages the introduction of the renewable energy equipment and
technologies, and in recent years, the solar PV technology is actively
introduced. In 2014, the hybrid renewable energy power station with the
capacity of 875kW was piloted and the national wind resource map and wind
resource browsing system developed. Solar heating, biogas generating,
geothermal heating systems and rice husk gas generating systems were developed
and introduced. The pilot tidal power station with capacity of 1,200kW is in
operation and the construction of 300MW tidal power station is underway.
Key
challenges in satisfying electricity needs are of
raising the outputs of power generating equipment at their maximum by improving
the improper generation processes and equipment in the thermal power stations
and of increasing the efficiency of hydropower equipment.
Measurement: The Ministry of Electric Power Industry (MoEPI) and the CBS analyze
synthetically the situation of supply and use of electricity with data
collected from the power distribution stations located in the local areas.
Information of household access to electricity supply and fuels used for
cooking and heating by household are collected through household survey
including the MICS. It is necessary to apply the international standard in
adopting indicators.
4.7.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Achieve
the targets of power generation in the five year plan: During 2021-2025 five year plan, the target of the power generation
should be achieved, including through raising the outputs of power generating
equipment at their maximum by improving the improper generation processes and
equipment in the thermal power stations, and through stepping up the
construction of hydroelectric power stations and increasing the efficiency of
the equipment.
Construct
power generating bases of the country in a far-sighted way, increase the usage
of renewable energy: The national energy demand
should be satisfied by itself by giving priority to the hydropower, rationally
combining the thermal and raising proportion of the atomic and tidal power
generation and actively using renewable energy.
Convert
the national economy to energy saving type: The
establishment of the integrated national grid control system should be
completed and operated effectively. The energy saving methods in transmission,
distribution and use should be introduced while the advanced ways of production
introduced. Zero energy, zero carbon and green construction technologies in the
construction sector should be applied and at the same time, the electricity and
thermal energy saved as much as possible in all life space.
Promote
the introduction of clean fuel and technologies:
The research and development of household fuel should be strengthened and their
achievements actively introduced. It is necessary to take measures for using
biomass as fuel and introduce biogas systems.
18 2014
DPRK Socio-economic Demography and Health Survey
19 2017
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
4.8
Goal 8.
Establish self-reliant and knowledge-based economy, and ensure work for all
4.8.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK strives to implement the strategic line of concentrating all efforts on
the economic construction. The economic sector
failed to hit the expected strategic goals between 2016 and 2020, but the
foundation for making sustained economic development by own efforts was
established. A breakthrough was made in putting the metallurgical industry and
chemical industry on a Juche and self-supporting basis and a series of
achievements were made in the technical preparations and laying of foundations
for shoring up the sectors of electric power, coal and machine industries and
rail transport and for developing IT.
The
DPRK sets the goal of building a modern and self-reliant socialist and
knowledge-based economy. It set the target to sustain
above 5% GDP growth per capita per annum by accelerating the effective use of
national resources, providing raw materials and fuels from local resources,
building a self-supporting economy that satisfies energy, power and food
demands on its own and putting the national economy on a modern and IT footing.
The GDP per capita in 2015 was US$27,412 million and US$33,504 million in 2019.
Annual average growth rate of GDP in 2015-2019 is 5.1% and annual average
growth rate of GDP per capita 4.6%. Continued sanctions and blockade, severe
natural disasters that hit the country every year and the protracted world
health crisis that broke out last year are serious obstacles to the economic
development, resulting adverse impacts on achieving SDGs.
The Government makes its efforts to ensure balanced and sustainable
development of the economy, by 2030, through effective use of domestic
resources. The Government announced the
“DPRK Law on Underground Resources” (adopted on 8 April, 1993,
amended) and makes the national resources be used with
the maximum efficiency for the development of national economy and improvement
of people’s livelihood.
Figure 6. Real GDP per capita
The
Government provides all the working aged people with jobs after education. It legalized that the formal working age of citizen is from 16,
child labour prohibited, and all citizens should be provided with decent jobs
and secure working conditions according to their wish and abilities[12]. After
graduation from school, all can get their jobs according to their knowledge,
qualifications and wishes. Every person with a job will be paid according to
the “DPRK Law on Work Norms” (adopted on 10 December, 2009, amended) and the “DPRK Law on Labour Protection” (adopted on 8 July, 2010, amended). Thus, the SDG targets 8.5
and 8.6 to provide all women and men with stable and decent jobs, education
and/or training have already been achieved long time ago. As the youth
unemployment, forced labour and child labour which are common problems in the
world do not exist in the DPRK, the SDG
target 8.7 had already been achieved.
The
Government has taken active measures to develop tourism. The Masikryong Ski Resort was constructed at the world level and
the construction of Wonsan-Kalma coastal tourist area is actively underway.
Tourism is vitalized in several areas including Pyongyang City, Mt. Myohyang,
Mt. Kumgang, but the share of tourism income in GDP is low and the potential
for tourism has not been developed properly.
It is important to reduce the distinctions between the economy sectors and increase the efficiency of the economic management. There exists material and technical distinctions and imbalance between the economic sectors and the production is not stable due to lack of energy and raw materials. It is important to improve planning, pricing, monetary and financial management and raise the efficiency of economic administration, in line with the socialist economic law.
Measurement: It is necessary to conduct labor forces survey disaggregating
working population by occupation and educational attainment. It is also
necessary to classify the economic sectors and processes, determine indicators
and establish regular data collection system according to the international
standards for measuring indicators of the economic growth.
4.8.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Implement
the five year plan: Investment should be focused on
the metal and chemical industry so as to normalize production in all sectors of
the national economy, consolidate the material and technical foundations of the
agriculture and supply enough raw and other materials to light industry for
increased production of consumer goods.
Improve
economic management: It is to fully ensure the unified
guidance of the state in the economic work, strengthen nationwide unified
system of statistics, improve planning and management conditions of factories
and properly use economic leverages including financing, monetary and price
administration, so as to ensure rational management of the economy.
Innovate
geological prospecting and develop natural resources: Through development of prospecting science and technology, the
underground resources of the country should be investigated completely and
mineral deposits secured ahead of demand by type and grade.
4.9
Goal 9. Put
national economy on a Juche-oriented and scientific basis and
modernize infrastructure
4.9.1 Progress and challenges
The
Government of DPRK focuses its efforts to constantly rehabilitate and perfect a
selfsupporting economic structure capable of satisfying, through domestic
production, the material demands of the economic development and people’s
livelihood. It is important for the factories,
enterprises and cooperatives to properly establish management strategies in
line with the requirements of the socialist enterprise responsibility
management system, to run the business on active and creative basis and to
modernize production processes based on science and technology and own
resources.
Figure 7. Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per
capita
Table 3. Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total
employment (%)
|
Indicator |
2015 |
2018 |
|
Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total
employment |
26.1
|
28
|
The
environmental protection work is being improved, the natural resources
protected, the infrastructure modernized and the management and operation of
the industry enhanced. Despite these efforts, the
emission of carbon dioxide has been increased as compared to 2015, while the
consumption of Ozone depleting substances reduced by 10.3% annually[13]. The
industrial sector is being developed towards balancing demand and production,
minimizing pollutants, and protecting resources.
Table 4. CO2 emission per unit of value added (t/1
000US$)
|
Indicator |
2015 |
2020 |
|
CO2
emission per unit of value added |
9.7 |
9.4
|
Science
and technology level of the country was analyzed comprehensively and the goals,
ways and means in developing science and technology set up, and advancement of
science and technology propelled. The Government
systematically increases expenditure on science and technology development and
the number of researchers in the sci-tech sector, meanwhile, the state
administrative guidance and management system is correctly established and
scientific research results shared so as to enhance the leading role of science
and technology in socio-economic development.
The
average annual growth rate of number of researchers per million population is
2.9%. The Pyongyang Teachers Training College was
rebuilt as a model of education institutions and a revolution in the education
sector is underway. The investment in the science and education sectors has
been increased and the conditions for research improved, so as to increase the
number of graduates; the work of making all the people well-versed in science
and technology pushed forward through the study-while-you-work system and the
system of disseminating the latest science and technology.
Modernization
of the infrastructure is a key challenge. The
country’s roads and railways are, in general, not in standard condition. The
targets of modernizing and rehabilitating the roads and railways in line with
the international standards and requirements of the “DPRK Law on Road” (adopted on 17 September 1997,
amended), “Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian
Highways”
(acceded
on 9 August 2012) and the “Intergovernmental Agreement
on the Trans Asian Railways” (acceded on 4 September 2012) are
off-track. Measures are taken to enhance the technical conditions of motorways
and bridges between Pyongyang-Kaesong, Pyongyang-Wonsan, Pyongyang-Hyangsan,
and Pyongyang-Nampho. Most of the safety railings and road signboards should be
reinstalled. International railway lines in the eastern and western coasts including
Pyongyang-Sinuiju and Pyongyang-Namyang should also be modernized in line with
the international standards.
Measurement: It is necessary to adopt the method of collecting data on
proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km from an all-season road
and data on passengers and freight volumes according to the mode of
transport.
4.9.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Put
the national economy on a Juche and modern basis and ensure affluent and
cultured living conditions for the people: The
self-supporting structure of the national economy should be perfected, the
proportion of dependence on imports lowered, and the people’s livelihood
stabilized.
Improve
environmental protection, protect and increase resources, modernize infrastructure: The “DPRK Law on Environmental protection” (adopted on 9 April 1986, amended) should be fully implemented and the overall lines of roads and
railways rehabilitated and modernized by step according to the international
standard in a long-term basis.
Reduce
GHGs emissions: In line with the Voluntary GHGs
Reduction Plan by 2030 announced in 2016 and the revised plan, all mitigation
measures should be implemented. Exact statistics on GHG emission should also be
prepared in line with the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention (acceded on 5 December
1994) and the cooperation with UN agencies in
implementing the mitigation measures are expected.
Increase
the number of researchers: Great importance should
be attached to talented personnel and ensure that all the people are
well-versed in science and technology. The national dissemination network will
be established with the Sci-Tech Complex as its centre and all the science and
technology dissemination rooms connected to the Complex and ensure regular
operation, serving to raise the scientific and technological level of the
workers and contributing to the IT development of relevant units. The
proportion of the research and development expenditure in the Government budget
should be increased systematically.
4.10
Goal 10. Enhance the position and role of all
the masses as masters of state and society
4.10.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK provides everyone with the rights to social, economic and political
inclusion to the full. The State legally ensures
every citizen equal rights in all sectors of social activities, those over 17
years old including military service persons have rights to vote or stand for
election without discrimination of sex, ethnicity, occupation, period of
residence, property, intellectual level, party affiliation, political view and
religion[14]. It
provides with every possible political freedom and rights and socio-economic
rights including rights to vote or stand for election, rights to labor and
rights to learn and intensifies institutional measures to eradicate any factor
of inequality in conformity with the “DPRK Decree on Gender Equality” (adopted on 30 July 1946), the “DPRK Law on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities” (adopted on 18 June 2003), the “DPRK Law on the Protection and Promotion of Women’s Rights” (adopted on 22 December
2010, amended) and the “DPRK Law on the Protection of
the Rights of Children” (adopted on 22 December 2010).
The
DPRK fulfills its commitments[15] under the “Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, acceded on 21
September 1990), the “Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination against
Women” (CEDAW, acceded on 27 February 2001) and the “Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” (CRPD, acceded on 23
November 2016). It also stakes all possible measures to
protect women, children, elderlies and persons with disabilities and ensure
their rights according to the “DPRK Law on Social Security” (adopted on 9 January
2008, amended) and the “DPRK Law on the Protection of
the Elderly” (adopted
on 26 April 2007, amended). It regularly submits the
Universal Periodic Review (UPR) reports to the UN for review[16].
The State strengthens social protection measures. The “DPRK Law on Public Health” (adopted on
3
April 1980, amended), the “DPRK Law on Protection of
Persons with Disabilities” (adopted on 18 June 2003), etc.,
legally ensure social protection and welfare for persons incapacitated and/or
retired.
Active
measures are being taken to reduce differences between the urban and rural
area. There exist distinctions between the urban
and rural area in the fields of industry, agriculture, public health, education
and infrastructure. The State takes every measure to improve the people’s
living standards in line with the nature requirement of the socialist society.
It is developing the city and county as the political, economic and cultural
center and turning them into developed regions with their own unique
characteristics, and strengthening the State support to rural areas.
Measurement: The data on socio-economic indicators including GDP per capita are
regularly reported to the CBS through national statistics system. Data
collection and analysis system of socioeconomic indicators should be more
disaggregated and completed in accordance with international standards.
4.10.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Consolidate
the political system of the state: The Government
organs at each level should ensure that people enjoy political rights as
masters of the state and society through active participation in the state
management and socio-political activities.
Reduce
differences between urban and rural area: State
support to rural areas should be strengthened and urban factories and
enterprises should further assist rural cooperative farms and units. It is
important to implement effective projects by step to improve living standards
of the rural population and material and technical foundation of rural economy
by ensuring energy supply, improving environment, material and fuel supply, and
increasing agricultural production.
4.11 Goal
11. Ensure living conditions and environment for more affluent and civilized
life
4.11.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK distributes dwellings to the people free of charge. In order to meet the increased housing demand of people, the
Government has made remarkable progress in recent years through construction of
dwellings in large scale in the country.
The
Government strives to expand transportation, increase road safety and provide
the people with safe and convenient public transportation system. Modern underground and railway trams, trolleybuses have been
manufactured domestically and supplied to the cities and the Pyongyang Metro
are under rehabilitation ensuring convenience to the users. With the increase
in traffic volume and heavy-duties, activities to reconstruct roads and bridges
are being implemented according to plan, while roads are being paved with
concrete and soil stabilizers introduced so as to ensure safety of transport
and prevent environmental pollution. Improvement of road and railroad
conditions, modernization of railways and development of rational modes of
transport should be accelerated.
The
urbanization is continued in the DPRK. As the
residential and public service quarters and infrastructures have been widely
constructed since 2000s, the arable land has been reduced and the urban
population increased. It rises as an important issue to construct
infrastructure including water supply and drainage system, electricity and
communication, roads in line with the long term plan to build
environment-friendly cities. The ratio of land consumption rate to population
growth rate was 1.26 in 2015, 0.67 in 2018 and 0.67 in 2019[17].
Special
attention has been paid to protect national cultural heritages. The heritages of national culture are protected and carried forward
according to the “DPRK Law on the Protection of Heritage of National Culture” (adopted on 7 August 2012,
amended). The Complex of Koguryo mural tombs (2004) and the Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong (2013) were inscribed on the World Heritage list. The heritage of national
culture, national scenic sites and natural monuments are being protected and
used for tourism and recreation, contributing to the people’s cultural life and
health.
Continued
climate-related natural disasters inflicted serious damage to the
socio-economic development of the country and the people’s living. The typhoon during the period of 29 August and 2 September 2016
flooded the River Tuman resulting huge economic losses. The heat wave and
drought that continued for months in 2018 seriously affected agricultural
production, and between 2019 and 2020, tens of thousands of dwellings and
infrastructures including roads, railroads and bridges were badly damaged by
typhoons and floods. It is important to enforce the disaster response capacity
of the country.
The
implementation of the NDRRS and the local disaster reduction plans is
off-track. In order to strengthen the resilience to
continued natural disasters, the Government set up the Disaster Prevention
Bureau under the SPC in 2012 and promoted it to the SCEDM in 2014, following by
institutionalized nationwide system from the central down to the Counties. At
the same time, it has developed disaster risk management projects in
cooperation with UNDP, ESCAP, FAO and UNDRR. It has set up the NDRRS
(2019-2030) and the Action Plans to 2020, 2026 and 2030, but challenges remain
in implementing them. Adoption and implementation of local disaster risk
reduction plans by 2030 are in progress. It is necessary to strengthen
international cooperation in the disaster risk management.
Urban
and regions are developed in line with the urban and regional development
plans. Urban and regional development plans
including that of land, city and rural construction are being encouraged to be
drawn up and implemented in consideration of the geographical conditions,
resources and the development level of economy. Not only factories and
enterprises but also dwellings, cultural amenities, public and all other
buildings are being constructed in accordance to the urban and regional
development plans, thus strengthening economic, social and environmental links
between urban, peri-urban and rural areas.
Measurement: It is necessary to introduce data collection and analysis methods
on the proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport.
No data on the proportion of urban solid wastes regularly collected and with
adequate final discharge by cities are yet available, and introduction of
international standards and cooperation is expected. Due to insufficient
measuring devices, there are challenges in collecting data on yellow sand and
fine particulate matter. Necessary measures are taken to install equipment in
all environment observation stations across the country.
4.11.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Solve
issues of housing and drinking water: The issue of
housing and drinking water for people should be solved satisfactorily through
the construction of dwellings and water supply systems as planned. During the
2021-2025 five year plan, 50 000 dwellings will be built in Pyongyang, so as to
completely solve the housing issue in the capital.
Improve
transportation system: Railway and ship
transportation should be developed and the problem of public transportation
solved. It should provide the people with convenient access to transportation
by increasing the production of public means of transport such as new-type
underground trains, trolley buses, trams and passenger buses, and modernizing
roads and railways.
Pay
continued attention to the protection of heritage of national culture: It should preserve, protect and manage the Complex of Koguryo mural
tombs and the Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong inscribed on the World
Heritage list.
Prevent
air, river, stream, lake and sea pollutions: Strict
observance of the national laws related to the prevention of air, stream,
river, lake and sea pollutions is vital. Sewage disposal plants should be
modernized and industrial and household wastewater should be thoroughly
filtered.
Enhance
the resilience capacity to disasters: The
nationwide system of managing disasters and crisis should be strengthened and
the capacity to cope with disasters enhanced by putting efforts into
afforestation and water conservation and infrastructure rehabilitation.
4.12 Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and
production
4.12.1 Progress and challenges
The
Government of DPRK set forth sustainable consumption and production as a key
policy in economic development. In order to ensure
sustainable energy production and consumption, the Government is pushing ahead
with the plan to meet the energy requirement by focusing mainly on hydropower
and rationally combining it with thermal power to generate electricity,
increasing the proportion of atomic power and using various renewable energy
resources. It has been expanding the introduction of piloting zero energy, zero
carbon construction technology and intelligent construction technology during
2016 to 2020; in the agricultural sector, organic and protected farming methods
are expanded; and the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency improved.
The
Government of DPRK endeavors to realize sustainable management and effective
use of natural resources. In order to strengthen
independence of the national economy, the Government enacted the “DPRK Law on
Underground Resources”, ensures natural resources exploration and exploitation
under the national unified system of examination and approval.
Reuse
and recycle of the industrial and household wastes are vigorously pushed ahead
across the country. The “Law on Recycling in the
DPRK” (adopted
on April 12, 2020) is now under implementation and as
part of it, reusable items are being collected from families through
procurement system. The flying ash and slag are recycled to building materials,
coal ash to fertilizer and building materials. Waste paper, waste wood and
waste plastics are also mostly recycled and all agricultural waste and
livestock waste except poisonous waste are composited for use as manure.
However, the recycling level of the country is still low.
Particular
attention is paid to safely treat unusable and hazardous wastes. The projects are underway to implement the Vienna Convention on the
Protection of Ozone Layer (acceded on 5 May
1995), Montreal Protocol on the Depleting Substances of Ozone Layer (acceded on 6 May 1995), Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (acceded on 19 August
2002), Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed
Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in
International Trade (acceded on 6 February 2004) and Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (acceded on 10
July 2008).
The
Government encourages the development of tourism.
The domestic tourism on scenic spots such as Mt. Kumgang, Mt. Myohyang, and Mt.
Chilbo is actively conducted. The work to complete the Wonsan-Kalma coastal tourist
area is pushed forward actively.
Measurement: The measurement system is not well established for the domestic
materials footprint, generation and treatment of hazardous chemicals,
industrial and household wastes. The measurement on the national recycling rate
and tons of material recycled is inadequate. It is necessary to exchange with
other countries on experiences, technologies and methods related to waste
listing, survey and recycling.
4.12.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Ensure
sustainable consumption and production: It should
construct power bases under long term programme, firmly ensuring energy
production ahead of economic growth. The energy production method should be
improved and the national economy turned into energy saving type.
Increase
the rate of localization through exploitation and recycling of natural
resources: It is important to raise the rate of
locally available raw materials and products by developing and using domestic
resources and promoting the recycling, and to sustainably develop the
productivity by enlargement of raw materials, fuels and power bases relying on
own natural resources.
Develop
local industry unique to the region: Efficient
technical processes for production should be introduced in order to promote
sustainable consumption and production in local industries and the production
of consumer goods based on local resources, agricultural products and sideline
products as raw materials increased to meet the local demands.
Implement
the National Environmental Protection Strategy: The
legal framework for solid waste management should be improved, the
institutional and technical capacities on collection, analysis, evaluation and
management of solid waste data strengthened and comprehensive solid waste
management strategy completed. The waste disposal plants should be expanded and
the capacity of environment monitoring, measurement and evaluation
strengthened.
Ensure
sustainable development of tourism: Sustainable
tourism strategy should be established, Kangwon Province converted as tourism
area and tourism goods actively developed.
Establish
green growth strategy: National green growth
strategy and action plan should be established and dry building method, zero
energy, zero carbon architectural and intelligent construction technologies
introduced. Organic farming should be encouraged, production cycle established
and consistent efforts made for rehabilitating the forests according to the
yearly plan.
4.13 Goal
13. Combat climate change and its impacts
4.13.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPR Korea has suffered damages from climate-related natural disaster in
consecutive years. Continued natural disasters by
flood, drought, typhoon and heat wave have affected severe impacts on the
people’s life and health and economic development. In 2015, the temperature was
high, precipitation was low and droughts and heavy rains happened. Annual
average temperature was
9.7°C, i.e., 1.0°C higher than average,
recording the second highest since meteorological observation.
Sandy dust phenomena occurred 6 times,
affecting the most part of the country. There were two typhoon impacts. There
was hails with 5 to11mm in diameter witnessed in the west coast, central and
northern inland areas, and some areas in South Hamgyong Province, from April to
June and from August to October. It rained most heavily since observation in
the Tuman River basin by typhoon between 29 August and 2 September 2016 and the
Tuman River flooded, causing severe damage to the surrounding area. The heat
wave, typhoons and floods continued during several tens of days annually from
2018 to 2020 had caused human loss, severely affected agricultural production
and damaged infrastructure. In the whole country, according to EM-DAT [18] ,
the natural disasters frequently occurred between 1990 and 2020 were by flood
and storm, the highest number of deaths was caused by floods, the highest number
of victims by droughts and floods, and the greatest damage in value was by
floods and storms.
The
DPRK, as one of the countries where the frequency of extreme climate change is
being high, is exposed to negative impacts such as reduction in agricultural
production, destruction of agricultural infrastructure, degradation of soil and
water resources. The popular natural disasters are
by heavy rain, flood, drought and storm and, in particular, natural disasters
by heavy rain, storm, thunder and hail influenced by tropical typhoon occur
frequently during the rainy season. The heavy rain is normally accompanied with
flood and landslide. More than one natural disaster occurred annually during
the last ten years.
Figure 8. Deaths and missing persons due to disaster per
100,000 population
The
DPRK is under implementation of the 2019-2030 National Disaster Reduction
Strategy (NDRS). The DPRK has set up and is
implementing the NDRRS by 2030 to protect human health and life and reduce
disaster risks. It also designed and is carrying out the Action Plans to 2022,
2026 and 2030, according to the NDRRS. The primary objective of the Strategy is
to complete the rapid response system for minimizing the disaster risks by
institutionalizing the nationwide disaster management, raising the public
awareness and enhancing the material supply capacity. In 2020, nationwide
crisis management system was established and provided early warnings and real
time information on potential disasters through mass media, leading to substantial
improvement of the country’s crisis response capacity and minimal damage of
disaster.
The DPRK is
implementing sincerely the UNFCCC
and the Paris Agreement by integrating the measures for reducing the impacts of
climate change and disastrous climate into the state strategy and plans. The 1st GHG
emission
reduction plan was announced in 2016, and
next plan revised until 2030 is under preparation. The plan envisages, by 2030,
a total of 15.63 % (36,003,000 tons) GHG emission reduction below
the level of normal economic activities or 50.34 % (156,947,000 tons) reduction given the international assistance. This means almost a
two times increase in
terms of reduction level as compared with
the 1st reduction plan, representing the government’s will to implement the
UNFCCC. The GHG emission reduction plans are reflected in the National Forestation
Strategy (2015-2044), the National Environmental Protection Strategy (2019-2030) and National Disaster Reduction Strategy (2019-2030)
and sector strategies and annual national economic plans for implementation. To
cope with tidal wave and typhoon frequent in the seashore areas, the project to
move coastal vulnerabilities to safe areas and the annual plans to protect the
western seashore and its areas of economic importance from disaster risks are
put into practice; sea dikes and breakwaters are built and tideland in the
western seashore reclaimed on a long-term basis.
The DPRK is enhancing the education and
awareness-raising on adaptation to climate change, its impact reduction and
early warning and improving human and institutional capabilities. The conceptual contents on negative impacts
of climate change are included in the curriculum of primary and secondary
schools; climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warning taught in
universities and colleges; negative impacts of climate change regularly
highlighted through mass media; and publication and distribution of reference
books for disaster management officials, books and booklets on early warning
and methods to cope with various disasters are contributing to
awareness-raising.
Measurement: There is a need to implement successfully the UNFCCC and Paris
Agreement and to establish a proper system for data collection and processing
aimed to execute, monitor and evaluate the correct tracing and reduction
activities of GHG emissions and absorption in the forests and land.
4.13.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Implement
the National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy (NDRRS): It is important to implement the 2019-2030 NDRRS, Action Plans by
2022, 2026 and 2030, and establish local disaster risk reduction plans and
fully implement them.
Implement
National GHG Emission Reduction Plan: The climate
change mitigation and adaptation programmes set forth in the Voluntary GHG
Emission Reduction Plan should be implemented and updated on a long term basis
as the climate changes rapidly, together with enhanced international
cooperation.
Raise
awareness on climate change: Systematic education
on mitigation and adaptation to the climate change should be conducted at each
education level and awareness-raising and capacity for mitigation and
adaptation to climate change enhanced among all the officials and broad masses
from
PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS
the center down to the lowest echelons.
4.14 Goal
14. Conserve and sustainable use the coast, sea and marine resources
4.14.1 Progress and challenges
The
Government of DPRK is strengthening legal framework to protect coast, sea and
marine resources. With the inaction of the “DPRK
Law on Environmental protection” (adopted on 9 April 1986, amended),
the “DPRK Law on Protection of Sea Pollution” (adopted on 22 October 1997, amended), the regulation of coast and territorial waters management (2020), etc., the Government has laid down legal foundations to protect
coastal and sea eco-environment and resources and develop economy in the
coastal areas.
The
Government is taking active measures to protect sea and increase marine
resources. The DPRK has abundant aquatic and
submarine mineral resources. There is no big change in the varieties of sea
fishes (over 600 species). For the sustainable use of the marine resources, the
Government set the policy to combine fishing and cultivation, so as to protect
and increase marine resources. In 2019, the Government set the protection of
marine resources as one of the state’s policy and implements the plan of marine
resources protection and increase.
The
measures are taken to prevent marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from
land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution. The legal control and supervision are being strict on the wastewater
discharge from the factories near the seashore and the waste discharge from the
ports and ships. The Government has signed the “Action for the clean sea” in
2019; conducts the activities concentrated to collect and remove the floating
plastic and other debris in the seas and coasts during the period of the
national mobilization campaign of land management (2 months per year); and
advances the all-society movement to prevent the pollution of the rivers,
especially streams near to the sea.
In
consistence with the relevant national and international laws and based on the
best available scientific information, the conservation of at least 10% of the
coastal and marine areas is ongoing in a sustainable manner. For protection of useful animals and plants, several coastal areas
suitable to habitation were selected as the special protected areas of marine
resources, territorial waters down to 20 meters deep of the East Sea and the
West Sea as the protected areas of coastal resources and the continental shelf
to 200 meters deep of the East Sea as the protected areas of coastal waters
resources; and the usage of dragnets is restricted to protect the habitat
environment of settled species. Nampho City is selected as the pilot area of
the integrated coastal management and Wonsan City as its extended area to
proceed the regional development and protection of coastal biodiversity with
the main stress on the tourism in a planned way. Many regions including the
coastal areas in Nampho, Kangwon and South Hwanghae provinces were designated
as protected marine areas.
There
are challenges to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems
and to minimize the impacts of sea acidification. The
scientific methodology related to marine and coastal ecosystems management is
not established and the sea acidification is not measured on the regular basis
at the most of places.
Measurement: Indicators of SDG 14 are measured partly in the selected places and
the measurement for the relevant indicators in monitoring marine environment
does not reach the required standard.
4.14.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Expand
the protected areas in the coast and territorial waters: It is to implement the plan to achieve the target of at least 10%
of the coasts and territorial waters as protected areas set forth during the 10th
COP of United Nations Convention of Biodiversity in October 2010.
Prevent
pollution of air, rivers, streams, lakes and sea.
The system of evaluating environmental effects should be improved and the
criteria on wastewater discharge and water environment updated and the
practical plan, management methods and purification technologies of pollution
prevention introduced.
Protect
and breed marine and aquatic resources. The
protection of marine resources and the fishery production should be balanced,
advanced technologies of increasing fishery stocks be introduced and the legal
control for natural protection and proliferation be strengthened.
Establish
observation, evaluation and measurement system. New
observation stations to observe and measure the coastal environment including
coastal eutrophication (ICEP), floating plastic debris density, and average sea
acidity should be set up and capacity of data collection, analysis and
interventions be enhanced.
Build
capacity for integrated coastal management. It is
important to strengthen infrastructures and the institutional system of
integrated coastal management in coastal areas and to take adaptation measures
including evaluation of dangerous coastal areas where disasters often occur,
establishment of early warning system for coastal disaster, protection and
creation of marine resources. It is to check the safety of sea dukes and
breakwaters and repair them according to annual plans, able to minimize the
disaster risks. Windbreak forest should be created in the coastal areas to
reduce the typhoon and strong wind impacts on the crops and the breeds able to
cope with climate change be selected and cultivated.
4.15
Goal 15. Sustainable management of forests, reverse
land degradation, maintenance of biodiversity
4.15.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK makes its effort to ensure conservation restoration and sustainable use of
territorial and inland freshwater ecosystems, in
particular forests, wet lands, mountains and dry lands, in line with
obligations under the international agreements including the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention on
Biodiversity and the United Nations Convention on Prevention of
Desertification.
The
forest recovery campaign was declared in 2015 and is
being conducted as mass movement, resulting in decreasing non-forest tree land
area from 10.6% in 2010 to 5.5% in 2019 and increasing the forest tree land
area by 1.7% at an annual average between 2015 and 2020. Prevention of the
forest destruction and sustainable management of the forest are directly linked
to the living standards, food and energy of the residents in rural and
mountainous areas, however, their solutions become the main challenges.
The
biosphere reserves are increased. The ratio of biosphere reserve area was 4.6% in 2015. Mt. Paektu (1989), Mt. Kuwol (2004), Mt. Myohyang (2009), Mt. Chilbo (2014) and Mt. Kumgang (2018), the most famous mountains in DPRK have been designated for inclusion
in the World Network of Biosphere
Reserves; the cycling felling method, agroforestry, farming and livestock
production cycle and other sustainable farming and advanced management methods
are actively introduced. The mountain
green cover rate was 89% in 2015. The management of biosphere reserves and
already registered national protected areas of natural objects, animals and
plants have improved, while animal protected areas are expanded and management
system streamlined.
There
remain challenges in reducing the degradation of natural habitats, halting the
loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protecting and preventing the extinction of
threatened species. The analysis of the “Red List
Index of the DPRK”[19] shows
that the threatened species of animals and plants are 8 critically endangered,
7 endangered, and 9 vulnerable. The threatened species of aquatic vertebrates
are; 3 extinct, 14 endangered, and 26 vulnerable[20].
Red list index are; plants 0.408, animal 0.507. Threatened species of plants in
2016 are; 47 extinct, 71 endangered, 94 vulnerable, 85 near threatened, 80 data
deficient, totaling 377[21]. The
threatened species of animals in 2016 are; 1 extinct in the wild, 8 extinct, 19
endangered, 37 vulnerable, 11 near threatened, 34 least concern, 3 data deficient,
totaling 113[22]. Red
list index are; plants 0.546 and animals 0.675.
Sustainable
efforts are made to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora
and fauna and to prevent the introduction of invasive alien species. Poaching is prohibited by law, and so are illegal hunting, and
hunting and picking of animals and plants under protection. Invasive species
are prevented or controlled as stipulated by law on border quarantine of
animals and plants, law on quality supervision, law on protection of useful
animals, law on safety of genetically modified organisms and law on natural
reserves. The government signed the Cartagena Protocol on Biodiversity and
established an institutional structure for its implementation. Though the DPRK
is not a party to the Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species
of Wild Flora and Fauna, it has established the system for stringent control of
trade in wild flora and fauna and their specimens.
Measurement: As the data related to the forest area rates are referred to
different times of collection and variance, different definitions and criteria,
it is important to evaluate in line with the international standard
methodology. It needs to introduce standard method in determining Red List
Index.
4.15.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Achieve
2015-2024 forest recovery targets: The Government plans to afforest about 1.4
million ha of mountain by 2024, thus greening most of deforested mountains.
This will newly create GHG emission reduction capacity of more than 10 million
tons per annum. The central and provincial tree nurseries should produce
saplings on a scientific, industrialized and intensified basis and achieve the
target, pushing forward afforestation and protection simultaneously.
Implement
the National Forest Construction Strategy, Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan: The Government plans to survey on a regular
basis the species and inhabitant conditions of animals and plants in the
mountains and river basins, to protect species including animals and plants at
risk of extinction and rare species, to ensure biodiversity and to select
properly and expand by step the protected areas.
Strengthen
sustainable forest management. It is, by 2025, to
regularly investigate, monitor and evaluate biodiversity of all forest
ecosystem protected areas including through surveys and researches on natural
succession of forest ecosystems and variation trend and adaptation processes of
biodiversity according to environmental changes such as global warming; and
there should be introduced of the environment friendly methods and technologies
including cyclic felling method, forest and agriculture compound management and
organic farming system.
Strengthen
hi-tech research and knowledge dissemination for sustainable protection,
management and use of ecosystem, forests and biodiversity. The Government plans to conduct the national survey on the
ecosystem environment from 2020 and set up database of sustainable protection,
management and use of ecosystem, forests and biodiversity in order to promote
the dissemination and development of science and technologies. Paying due
attention to ecological changes of forests, the Government also plans to
transform the forests by introducing the species of economic and high valued,
complete technical preparation to fight outbreaks of insects harmful to forests
and realize the sustainable management of the insects by use of biological
agricultural medicines.
4.16 Goal 16. Consolidation of Socialist System
4.16.1 Progress and Challenges
The
DPRK implements a consistent policy of thoroughly implementing the people-first
policy in its State activities and all fabrics of social life. The State legally ensures that state power belongs to the workers,
peasants, soldiers, intellectuals and the working masses exercise sovereignty
through the SPA, the representing organ of themselves, and the local People’s
Assemblies at all levels and ensures all citizens with genuine democratic
rights and freedom, adequate material and cultural life[23].
The
State guarantees the status and role of the popular masses as the masters of
the state and society, consistently maintains the
popular socialist health system and education system and other popular
policies. People-first policy consistently prevails so that the single-hearted
unity of the Party and the masses is achieved and the political stability
prevails. Under the slogan of “Everything for the people and everything by
relying on them!”, the people’s interests are given the highest and absolute
priority and everything is directed towards the people’s welfare without spare.
Intensive struggle is waged against practices that infringe upon the people’s
interests such as abuse of power, bureaucracy and corruption.
The
State legally ensures every citizen with the rights to appeal and petition[24][25]. Well-regulated appeal system is established in the people’s
government at each level, gives an ear to people’s voices and opinions and
holds fast to the principle of giving priority to their rights and conveniences.
The public service facilities, as well as the health and education
installments, have opinion boxes to improve their services.
Birth
registration system is well established. As shown
in the results of the PHC, MICS and others, 100% of new births are registered33.
All forms of violence against children, abuse, exploitation, human
trafficking, and bribery are legally prohibited,
and do not arise as social problems.
Measurement: For indicators measuring SDG 16, there are needs to build
capacities of relevant agencies for regular data collection and processing and
to develop survey and computation methodology.
4.16.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
policies.
Uphold
the people-first principle: It is important to wage
all activities of the people’s government in accordance with the will and
creativity of the masses of the people and fully demonstrate the advantages and
vitality of social benefits and measures.
Provide
people with maximum social benefits: It is
important to provide the people with the conditions for leading an affluent and
cultured life; decent working and enough rest, and ensure the maximum social
benefits provision. There should pay close concern to orphans’ primary and
secondary schools, baby homes, orphanages and rest homes so that the orphans
and the elderly with no one to look after them can live free from worries.
Consolidate
and develop the state and social system: It is
important to strengthen the popular nature of the state in line with the
essential characteristics of the people-centred socialist system, realize
unified, scientific and strategic management, and thoroughly establish a law
abiding spirit throughout society as befits the requirements of a socialist
law-governed state. Intensive struggle will be waged, as ever, among state
civil servants to fight against practices that infringe upon the people’s
interests such as abuse of power, bureaucracy and corruption.
4.17 Goal 17. Development of friendly partnership
4.17.1 Progress and challenges
The
DPRK government is acting proactively to develop friendly relations with all
countries that respect its sovereignty and to build a new world of peace and
justice. The government is expanding and developing
exchanges and partnerships with other countries and strengthening bonds and
solidarity with people around the world that aspire independence. The
government develops external economic relations with other countries, giving
priority to the expansion and development of an independent economy. The
government has enacted “DPRK Law on Joint and Contractual Ventures”, “DPRK Law
on Economic and Trade Zones”, and “DPRK Law on Foreign Investment”, thus laying
a basis for facilitating bilateral and multilateral partnerships.
Intranet
is encouraged in access to IT. In 2017, intranet
access rate among females aged between 15 and 49 are a) 5.2% during the last 3
months and b) 3.7% at least once a week during the last 3 months, while the
rate among males aged between 15 and 49 are a) 11.6% during last 3 months, b)
7.9% at least once a week during the last 3 months34.
34
2017 DPRK Multiple Indicator Survey
The
DPRK government has acknowledged the position and role of statistics in the
national economic development and implementation of the SDGs, and attaches
importance to the development of statistics.
National statistics offices ensure that statistics entirely contributes to
socio-economic development by strengthening the unified system of statistics
and amending and supplementing the main laws and relevant regulations on
statistics.
The
sustainable development in the DPRK are conducted under sanctions and blockade. Peace and development is the common aspiration of the era and a
peaceful environment is essential for improving the people’s living by
concentrating all efforts on economic construction. However, due to the
continued hostile military actions, smear campaigns and hostile policies
against the DPRK, the DPRK’s sovereignty and right to development are faced
with grave challenges.
Measurement: International exchanges are necessary to assess the global
indicators that are not included in the national SDG 17 and introduce those
that conform to the country’s context.
4.17.2 Plans
The DPRK gives priority to the following
plans.
Strengthen
bilateral and multilateral cooperation: Bilateral
and multilateral cooperation programmes will be developed and implemented to
support the Government in achieving SDGs.
Develop
IT: The technical modernization of the
telecommunication infrastructure will be enhanced and the mobile
telecommunication developed so as to shift towards next generation.
Strengthen
centralization of the state statistics system: It
is important to enhance the role of statistics offices from central to
city/county and the statistics cells of all agencies, further strengthen
statistics under the unified guidance of the CBS, and to propel socio-economic
development by ensuring comprehensive, objective, scientific and timely
statistics. Also the statistics development plan for the implementation of the
new five year plan should be set and carried out according to annual plans.
5 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
The
DPRK has established country specific SDGs, closely combining the global SDGs
with the national development goals. The funds for
achieving the national SDGs are reflected in the government budget of the
fiscal year together with other budgets needed to achieve the national
development plans, and disbursed in a planned manner upon the approval by the
SPA. In addition to the government budget, domestic cooperative enterprises
also provide funds for the activities to achieve the national SDGs of their
concern. The Government mobilizes every Government ministries, institutions,
people’s committees at all levels, enterprises and companies to the achievement
of the SDGs through strengthened awareness-raising activities. Together with
the bilateral aids, the UN Agencies, and the EUPS, IFRC, ICRC operating in the
country and other organizations contribute to the government’s effort in
achieving the national SDGs.
The
main actor in achieving SDGs is the Government and the bilateral and
multilateral cooperation play supplementary role. However,
due to the continued sanctions and blockade, the assistance which is of
development nature is banned and the support to the DPRK is restricted to the
humanitarian aid. This has clearly resulted limited contribution to the overall
achievement of the national SDGs. The continued sanctions and blockade creates
serious obstacles to the DPRK government in achieving the SDGs.
The Government will achieve the SDGs by increasing the common and
correlative effectiveness
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
of
the national development strategies and sector plans with the national SDGs,
making effective use of its own financial resources, technologies and natural
resources and actively conducting mass campaigns.
The effectiveness of the financial investment will be increased through the
strengthened monitoring system and regular evaluation on financial flow and
utilization, and the vitalization of the domestic bank loans will promote the
people`s livelihood and economic development. All-people campaigns that are
vigorously conducted in forest rehabilitation, land management, environmental
protection, disaster management, education and other sectors are important
means for achieving the SDGs. The NTF will track the progress and challenges
through regular M&E and take necessary measures accordingly.
6 CONCLUSION AND NEXT
STEPS
The
DPRK government exerts all possible efforts to implement Sustainable
Development Agenda based on the experiences and lessons learnt during the
implementation of MDGs. As a consecutive process for
achieving Sustainable Development Agenda, it has established country specific
SDGs in line with the new strategic line of concentrating all efforts on the
economic construction and is harmonizing them with the implementation of the
national development plans. The DPRK government will focus investments to the
priority areas including metallurgy, chemistry, energy, construction, light
industry, agriculture, and environment.
The
Government will supplement the country specific SDG indicators with the global
indicators that fit with the national context and implement them according to
the base year data and the data necessary to be further defined. The NTF will enhance coordination among all units to implement
national SDGs in close combination with the 2021-2025 five year plan and the
progress made in each goal will be included as an agenda for the Cabinet for
regular review and further actions. The Government takes measures to accelerate
the implementation of development goals through the full readjustment and
restructuring of internal force based on the assessment on the experiences and
lessons in implementing 2016-2020 five year strategy and the impacts of world
pandemic situation on the overall socio-economic sectors.
The important issues in the next step are to achieve the national
SDGs through optimizing the use of its own resources, technology and internal
force under the ideals of "The People are God", self-reliance and
single-minded unity while intensifying the emergency anti-epidemic campaign to
cope with the protracted worldwide health crisis for the safety of the country
and the people. Bringing the advantages of
people-centered socialism into full play, the Government will make its every
possible effort to achieve the SDGs through the rational use of national
resources and all-people, all-society campaign.
The
CBS capacity should be further enhanced as the centre of integration and
analysis of national statistics and the nationwide unified system of statistics
be strengthened. The role of the national
statistics will be ensured in a way as to establish M&E system for tracking
progress towards SDGs implementation, regularly review the attainment of each
indicator and decide on the right directions to achieve the goals.
International standard indicators and methodologies will be further
adopted.
It
is essential to raise awareness on SDGs and promote partnership with
international communities. The NTF will disseminate
the review of SDG progress to the ministries, agencies, people`s government at
all levels, research institutes and civil society to inform them of the current
status, challenges and priorities in future. This will be the opportunity of
policy making and fund raising. In addition, the bilateral and multilateral
cooperation will be enhanced to develop and implement such plans of
accelerating the national SDGs achievement.
CONCLUSION AND NEXT STEPS
The Government of DPR Korea will overcome
all challenges and difficulties by the concerted efforts of the masses of
people and further strengthen collaboration with the international community in
the course of implementing Sustainable Development Agenda.
CONCLUSION AND NEXT STEPS
Annex
I The DPRK Sustainable Development
Goals, Responsible Agencies
(2015–2030)
|
Responsible National
SDG Targets
Agencies |
||
|
1. Consistently improve the
people’s living standard |
1.1*
By 2030, sufficiently meet material requirements of people through state
supply and dwelling distribution systems |
SPC
MoF
MoA
MoLI
Each
level |
|
|
1.2*
Increase state investment to orphans and elderly with no one to look after
them so as to live free from worries |
SPC
MoF
MoL
EC
|
|
|
1.3
Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for
all |
SPC
MoL |
|
|
1.4**
By 2030, increase systematically
number of splendid, modern bases for cultural and leisure activities for
people and further consolidate people-oriented policies including paid leave,
recuperation and relaxation systems at state expense |
SPC
MoF
MoL
MoPH
|
|
|
1.5**
By 2030, build the perfect national system and take measures to protect all
the people from climate-related
extreme events and natural disasters |
MoLEP
MoUM
SCEDM
Each
level |
|
|
1.a
Ensure significant mobilization of finance from a variety of sources |
MoF
MoFA
MoEEA
|
|
2. Achieve self-sufficiency of food through increased agricultural
production and improve nutrition |
2.1
By 2030, ensure access by all people through increased and sustainable agricultural production, to safe,
nutritious and sufficient food all year round |
MoA
MoF
Each
level |
|
|
2.2
By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the
targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address
the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and
older persons |
SPC
MoPH |
|
|
2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help
maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to disasters and
that progressively improve land and soil quality |
SCEDM
MoF
MoA
MoLEP
MoUM
|
|
|
2.5**
By 2020, breed superior strains in larger numbers and increase production of seeds that meet local demands
for specific varieties, and introduce advanced farming methods |
MoA
AAS
|
|
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all |
3.1
By 2030, reduce the maternal mortality
ratio to less than 40 per 100,000 live births |
MoPH
|
|
|
3.2
By 2030, reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live
births and under 5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births |
MoPH
|
|
|
3.3
By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected
tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other
communicable |
MoPH
Each
level |
|
Responsible National
SDG Targets
Agencies |
||
|
|
diseases |
|
|
|
3.4** By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from
non-communicable diseases through improved quality of universal free medical
service and preventive medical care,
and promote mental health and well-being |
MoPH Each level |
|
|
3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse,
including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol |
MoPH |
|
|
3.6 By 2020, halve the
number of deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents |
MoPH MoPS |
|
|
3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive
health-care services, and the integration of reproductive health into
national strategies and programmes |
MoPH |
|
|
3.8** Boost district doctor system and renovate county people’s
hospitals as medical service centres for the particular area and supply
adequate materials to Ri people’s hospitals and clinics so as to protect
lives of people and improve their health |
MoPH Each level |
|
|
3.9 By 2030,
substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination |
MoLEP MoCI |
|
|
3.a Strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control as appropriate |
MoPH |
|
|
3.b Support
the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable
and non-communicable diseases, provide access to essential medicines and
vaccines, provide access to medicines for all |
MoPH AMS |
|
|
3.c Ensure increased investment to public health sector and training of
health workers, and improved quality of health service |
MoF MoPH |
|
4. Prepare all the members of society as intelligent workers with the
intellectual level of a university graduate |
4.1** Constantly improve
quality of universal 12-year compulsory education |
EC |
|
|
4.2** Increase the quality of early childhood development, care
and pre-primary education so that all
girls and boys are ready for primary education |
EC |
|
|
4.3** Constantly complete vocational education system, improve teacher
training system and further expand and develop study while working system |
EC Each level |
|
|
4.4** Provide young and adults with jobs according to their abilities. |
MoL MoII |
|
|
4.5** Further
improve the content and methods of education so as to bring up the younger
generations with comprehensively developed talents, prepared politically and
ideologically, highly creative, morally sound and physically fit |
EC |
|
|
4.7 By 2030,
ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote
sustainable development |
EC |
|
|
4.a** Raise the material and technical foundations of the education
sector to the world level through a radical |
EC |
|
Responsible National
SDG Targets
Agencies |
||
|
|
overhaul of the educational conditions and environment |
|
|
5. Consolidate gender equality and rights of women and girls in all
sectors |
5.1** Consolidate gender equality in all sectors |
EC MoL Each level |
|
|
5.3** Eliminate nonage marriage |
MoPS |
|
|
5.5** Ensure women’s
rights at all sectors of political, economic and public life |
Each level |
|
|
5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and
reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of
the ICPD and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of
their review conferences |
MoPH Each level |
|
|
5.b Enhance
the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications
technology, to promote the empowerment of women |
MoII Each level |
|
6. Ensure sustainable use and management of water and sanitation for all |
6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe drinking
water for all |
MoUM Each level |
|
|
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and
hygiene for all |
MoUM Each level |
|
|
6.3 By 2030,
improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and
minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the
proportion of untreated waste water and substantially increasing recycling
and safe reuse |
MoUM Each level |
|
|
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all
sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to
address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people
suffering from water scarcity |
MoUM Each level |
|
|
6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all
level, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate |
MoUM MoFA |
|
|
6.6 By 2020,
protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests,
wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes |
MoLEP MoUM |
|
|
6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation in WASH |
MoFA MoUM |
|
|
6.b Strengthen the participation of local communities in improving
water and sanitation management |
MoUM Each level |
|
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy
for all |
7.1** By 2030, Prioritize hydropower rationally combining with thermal
power to generate electricity, increase the proportion of atomic and tidal
power generation, so as to meet the national energy demand |
MoPI MoMI SAOS |
|
|
7.2** By 2030 increase capacity for generating wind, solar and expand
the use of natural energy resources |
MoMI SAOS |
|
|
7.3 By 2030, double the
global rate of improvement in energy efficiency |
SPC SAOS Each level |
|
8. Establish self- reliant knowledge- based economy and ensure decent and |
8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth
at least 5 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum |
SPC Each level |
|
Responsible National
SDG Targets
Agencies |
||
|
productive work for all |
|
|
|
|
8.2** Enhance integration of science and technology with economy |
SPC SCST SAOS |
|
|
8.4** By 2030, establish production and technical processes for
supplying raw materials and fuel from local resources, and ensure sustainable
development of economy |
MoSNRD Each level |
|
|
8.5** Provide all people with jobs according to their abilities |
MoL Each level |
|
|
8.8 Promote safe and secure working environments for all workers |
MoL Each level |
|
|
8.9** By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable
tourism by promoting unique development of local industries and cooperative
enterprises |
SPC NTA Each level |
|
9.
Put national economy on a high level of
Juche and modern basis and modernize infrastructure |
9.1 Develop reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, to
support economic development and human well-being |
SPC MoLEP MoR MoLST |
|
|
9.2** Constantly improve and perfect the multi-faceted and
comprehensive economic structure, through domestic production, so as to meet
the material demands of economic development and people’s livelihood |
SPC Each level |
|
|
9.4 By 2030,
upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with
increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and
environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes |
SPC MoLEP MoPI MoSNRD SAOS |
|
|
9.5** By 2030, steadily increase expenditure on the development of
science and technology and number of researchers, and ensure science and
technology play leading role in the socio-economic development |
MoF SCST EC |
|
10. Enhance the position and role of all the masses as the master of
state and society |
10.2 By
2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of
all |
Each level |
|
11. Provide
people with conditions and environment for leading more affluent,
satisfactory and civilized life |
11.1** By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, convenient, hygiene,
cultured housing and living conditions |
SPC MoF Each level |
|
|
11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, accessible and sustainable
transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public
transport |
SPC MoLEP |
|
|
11.3** Provide people with affluent and civilized life conditions and
environment through enhanced construction of modern dwelling houses and
streets based on the city master plan |
SPC MoCA |
|
|
11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural
and natural heritage |
MoLEP MoC |
|
|
11.5 By
2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people
affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to
GDP caused by disasters including water-related disasters |
MoLEP MoA MoUM SCEDM Each level |
Annex I
The DPRK Sustainable Development Goals, Responsible Agencies
|
Responsible National
SDG Targets
Agencies |
||
|
|
11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental
impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and
municipal and other waste management |
MoLEP MoUM SAOS Each level |
|
|
11.7** By 2030, build sufficient numbers of, and more splendid, modern
bases for cultural and leisure activities for all |
SPC MoCA Each level |
|
|
11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by
strengthening national and regional development planning |
SPC Each level |
|
|
11.b By
2020, substantially increase the number of cities adopting and implementing
integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency,
mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and
develop and implement holistic
disaster risk management at all levels |
SPC SCEDM HB Each level |
|
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns |
12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of
natural resources |
SPC MoSNRD |
|
|
12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals
and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed
international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air,
water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and
the environment |
MoCI MoUM Each level |
|
|
12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce
waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse |
MoUM SAOS |
|
|
12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant
information and awareness for sustainable development and life styles in
harmony with nature |
EC |
|
|
12.b** Ensure sustainable
development for tourism through, including construction of Wonsan Kalma Coastal Tourist Area |
NTA |
|
13. Wage mass movement to combat climate change and its impacts |
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climaterelated
hazards and natural disasters |
SCEDM Each level |
|
|
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies,
strategies and planning |
SPC MoLEP |
|
|
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact
reduction and early warning |
EC |
|
14. Conserve and sustainably use coasts, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development |
14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all
kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and
nutrient pollution |
MoLEP SAOS Each level |
|
|
14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal
ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening
their resilience |
MoLEP Each level |
|
|
14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including
through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels |
SCST Each level |
Annex I
The DPRK Sustainable Development Goals, Responsible Agencies
|
Responsible National
SDG Targets
Agencies |
||
|
|
14.4 By
2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end illegal fishing and implement
science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the
shortest time feasible |
SPC MoSI Each level |
|
|
14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine
areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available
scientific information |
MoLEP SCST |
|
|
14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits from the sustainable use
of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries,
aquaculture and tourism |
SPC MoFishery NTA |
|
15. Sustainably manage and restore forests and promote sustainable use
of ecosystems, biodiversity and reverse land degradation |
15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use
of terrestrial and inland fresh water ecosystems and their services, in
particular forests, wetlands, mountains and dry lands, in line with
obligations under international agreements |
MoLEP MoForestry Each level |
|
|
15.2 By
2020, promote the implementation of sustainable
management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded
forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation nationally |
MoLEP MoForestry Each level |
|
|
15.3 By
2030, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by drought,
floods and heat wave |
MoA Each level |
|
|
15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including
their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity for sustainable
development |
MoLEP |
|
|
15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of
natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and
prevent the extinction of threatened species |
MoLEP |
|
|
15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and
significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water
ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species |
MoLEP MoA SCST Each level |
|
|
15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national
and local planning, development processes and accounts |
MoLEP Each level |
|
|
15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to
conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems |
MoLEP Each level |
|
16. Turn the
whole society into a large and
harmonious family through strengthening of people-centered Korean
style socialist system |
16.1** Provide
people with conditions for leading an affluent and cultured life, working
safely and taking enough rest, and make sure that they enjoy maximum social
benefits |
Each level |
|
|
16.6 Develop popular
institutions at all levels |
Each level |
|
|
16.7** Ensure that people take an active part in state administration
and socio-political activities, fully
exercise their political rights as masters of the state and society at
all levels |
Each level |
|
|
16.9 Provide legal identity for all, including birth registration |
MoPS |
|
17. Develop friendly and |
17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular |
SCST |
Annex I
The DPRK Sustainable Development Goals, Responsible Agencies * Target newly added
|
National SDG
|
Targets |
Responsible Agencies |
|
cooperative relations with all countries friendly to us under the ideals of
independence, peace and friendship, and promote South-South cooperation |
regional and international cooperation on science,
technology and innovation and enhance knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed
terms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global
technology facilitation mechanism |
MoII CBS MoFA MoEER |
** Target integrated with NDGs
Annex I The DPRK Sustainable
Development Goals, Responsible Agencies
Annex II The
DPRK Indicators and Values
(2015–2030)
|
Indicators Unit
2015 2018 |
2020 |
|||
|
1.1.3* Proportion of households living in shared
dwelling |
%
|
0.8
|
0.6
|
0.5
|
|
1.2.1* Rehabilitated/modernized orphans’ primary
and secondary schools, baby homes, orphanages and rest homes |
unit
|
29
|
|
67
|
|
1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social
protection systems |
%
|
|
|
|
|
1.4.1 Proportion of population living in
households with access to basic services |
%
|
|
|
|
|
1.5.1 Number of deaths and missing persons
attributed to disasters per 100,000 population Death Missing |
total
person person |
0.43
0.34
0.09
|
0.59
0.29
0.3
|
0.47
0.42
0.05
|
|
1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to
disasters |
|
|
|
|
|
1.5.3 National disaster risk reduction strategy |
year
|
-
|
2019
|
|
|
1.5.4 Proportion of local disaster risk
reduction plan adopted in line with national strategy |
%
|
0
|
0
|
100
|
|
1.a.1* Official Development Assistance |
Million US$ |
|
|
|
|
2.1.1* Food deficiency |
1,000t
|
1,147
|
1,486
|
|
|
2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting among children under
5 (height for age <-2) |
%
|
27.9
|
19.1
|
17.4
|
|
2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition among children
under 5 (weight for height >+2 or <-2) |
%
|
-
(2012)
|
4.8
(2017)
|
4.5
|
|
2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under
productive and sustainable agriculture |
%
|
95
|
96
|
95
|
|
2.5.1 Number of genetic resources for food and
agriculture secured |
species
|
168
|
265
|
|
|
2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as
being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction |
species
|
60 374 (2014) |
86
268 |
|
|
3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live
births |
person
|
58
|
50.4
|
49
(2019)
|
|
3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled
health personnel |
%
|
99.9
(2014)
|
99.5
(2017)
|
|
|
3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live
births |
person |
17.7
|
16.9
|
16.8
(2019)
|
|
3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live
births |
person |
9
(2014)
|
9
(2017) |
7.7
(2019)
|
|
3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1,000
uninfected population |
person |
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000
population |
person |
451
|
354
|
351
|
|
3.3.3 Malaria incidence per 1,000 population |
person |
0.52
|
0.29
|
0.15
|
|
3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000
population |
person |
6.8
|
6.4
|
5.9
|
|
3.3.5 Number of people requiring interventions against
neglected tropical diseases |
person |
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular
disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease |
%
|
|
|
|
|
Indicators Unit
2015 2018 |
2020 |
|||
|
3.4.2 Suicide rate per 100,000 population |
person
|
|
|
|
|
3.5.2 Harmful use of alcohol, defined according
to the national context as alcohol per capita consumption |
L
|
|
|
|
|
3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries per
100,000 population |
person
|
8.5
|
8.4
|
7.3
|
|
3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age
(aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with
modern methods |
%
|
89.6
(2014)
|
89.7
(2017)
|
|
|
3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years;
aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group |
%
|
0
(2014)
|
1
(2017)
|
|
|
3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services
(index) |
|
|
84
(2017)
|
|
|
3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and
ambient air pollution |
%
|
|
|
|
|
3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water,
unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene |
%
|
|
|
|
|
3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional
poisoning per 100,000 population |
person
|
0.6
|
0.5
|
0.4
|
|
3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current
tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older |
%
|
46.3
|
46.1
(2017)
|
|
|
3.b.1 Proportion of the target population covered
by all vaccines in national programme |
%
|
97.7
|
93.2
|
94.5
|
|
3.b.2 ODA to medical research and basic health
sectors |
million US$ |
23.5
|
|
|
|
3.b.3 Proportion of health facilities that have a
core set of relevant essential medicines available and affordable on a
sustainable basis |
|
|
|
|
|
3.c.1 Health worker density and distribution per
1,000 population Doctors(including
dentists) Nurses,
midwives Pharmacists
Others
|
person (total) |
98
37
43
4 14
|
99
37
43
4 15
|
100
38
44
4 15 |
|
3.c.2* Proportion of government expenditure to
the public health sector |
%
|
6.4
(2014)
|
7
(2017)
|
|
|
4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people achieving
at least a minimum proficiency level in reading and mathematics in grades 2/3 at the end of primary at the
end of lower secondary |
%
%
%
|
|
(2017)
93.5,
83.4 97.5, 89 97.5,
83.2 |
|
|
4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age
who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial
well-being, by sex |
%
%
%
|
|
(2017)
87.7(total)
86.2(M)
89.2(F)
|
|
|
4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning
(one year before the official primary entry age), by sex |
%
%
%
|
|
(2017)
97.1(total)
97.9(M)
96.3(F)
|
(2019)
99.9(total)
99.8(M)
99.9(F) |
|
4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in
formal and non-formal education and training |
%
|
|
|
|
|
4.3.2**
Participation rate of youth and adults in study-while- |
%
|
|
|
|
|
Indicators Unit
2015 2018 |
2020 |
|||
|
working
system |
|
|
|
|
|
4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with ICT
skill (age between 15 and 19) |
%
%
|
|
(2017)
61.6
(F) 63.7
(M) |
|
|
4.5.1 Parity indices for all
education indicators 1) female/male adjusted net
attendance ratio -primary, lower secondary, upper secondary 2) lowest (20%)/highest(40%)
(wealth index) adjusted net attendance ratio -primary, lower secondary, upper
secondary 3) rural/urban adjusted net
attendance ratio -primary, lower secondary, upper secondary |
|
|
(2017)
1,
0.97, 1 1,
1, 1 1,
0.99, 1 |
|
|
4.7.1 Extent to which education for sustainable
development is mainstreamed in education policies |
|
|
|
|
|
4.a.1 Proportion of schools with
access to: (a) Electricity (b) Intranet for education
of young people (c) Computers for education
of young people (d) Infrastructure and
materials for school children and students with disabilities (e) safe drinking water (f) single-sex basic
sanitation facilities (g) basic hand washing
facilities |
%
%
|
100
80
|
(2017)
100
100
|
100
100
|
|
5.1.1 Legal frameworks on gender equality “Law on Sex Equality” |
|
1946.7.30
|
|
|
|
5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who
were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18 |
%
|
|
-
(2017)
|
|
|
5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a)
Supreme People’s Assembly (b)
local People’s Assembly |
%
%
|
20.2
27 |
|
17.6
(2019) |
|
5.5.2 Proportion of women in
managerial positions |
%
|
|
|
|
|
5.6.1 Informed decisions on
reproductive health Proportion of contraceptive use Proportion of unmet
demand for family planning |
%
%
|
(2014)
78.2
7.0
|
(2017)
70.3
6.6
|
|
|
5.6.2 Laws and regulations that guarantee full
and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to reproductive
health care, information and education (5 year National RH Strategy) |
|
2011.1.30
|
2017.1.30
|
|
|
5.b.1 Proportion of individuals aged 15-49 who
own a mobile telephone, by sex |
%
%
|
|
55.7(M) 47.9(F) (2017)
|
|
|
6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely
managed drinking water services |
%
|
|
60.9
(2017) |
|
|
6.1.2* Proportion of households access to
gravity-fed water supply system |
%
|
|
|
|
|
6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely
managed sanitation services |
%
|
|
47.5
(2017)
|
|
|
6.3.1 Proportion of wastewater
safely treated |
%
|
|
|
|
|
6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good
ambient water quality |
%
|
|
|
|
|
6.4.1 Change in water-use
efficiency over time |
|
|
|
|
|
Indicators Unit
2015 2018 |
2020 |
|||
|
6.4.2 Level of water stress: freshwater
withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources |
%
|
|
|
|
|
6.5.1 Integrated water resources
management |
|
|
|
|
|
6.5.2 Trans boundary water
cooperation |
|
|
|
|
|
6.6.1** Eco-recovered
rivers(km) |
km
|
|
|
|
|
6.a.1 ODA to water and
sanitation |
|
|
|
|
|
6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units
for participation in water and sanitation management |
|
|
|
|
|
7.1.1 Proportion of population
with access to electricity |
%
|
36.6
|
36
|
34.6
(2019)
|
|
7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary
reliance on clean fuels and technology |
%
|
|
10.3
(2017)
|
|
|
7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the total final
energy consumption |
%
|
12.1
(2016)
|
9.3
|
10.8
|
|
7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of
primary energy and GDP |
GJ/ 1,000$ |
35
|
31.5
|
28.7
|
|
8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real
GDP per capita |
%
|
4
|
4.0
|
4.3
(2019)
|
|
8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real
GDP per employed person |
%
|
7.4
(2016) |
4.0
|
1.4
(2019) |
|
8.2.2* Proportion of research and development in
government expenditure |
%
|
8.8
|
9.3
|
9.9
|
|
8.4.2 Domestic material
consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
8.5.1* Employment-to-population
ratio |
%
|
53.8
(2014)
|
|
55.3
(2019)
|
|
8.8.1 Occupational injuries |
%
|
|
|
|
|
8.9.1 Tourism direct GDP as proportion of total
GDP and in growth rate |
%
|
0.16
(2016)
|
0.23
|
0.0063
|
|
9.1.1 Proportion of rural population within 2 km
of an all season road |
%
|
|
|
|
|
9.1.2 Passenger and freight
volumes by mode of transport |
|
|
|
|
|
9.2.1 Manufacturing value
added as a proportion of GDP |
%
|
40.18
|
40.06
|
38.60
(2019)
|
|
9.4.1** CO2 emission per GDP |
kg/$
|
9.7
|
|
9.4
|
|
9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a
proportion of GDP |
%
|
8.2
|
8.7
|
9.6
|
|
9.5.2 Researchers per million
inhabitants |
person
|
2
326 |
2
534 |
2
966 |
|
10.2.1* Adoption of relevant national laws,
accession to international conventions Law
on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities Law
on the Protection of the Rights of Children
Law on the Protection and Promotion
of the Rights of Women CRPD
CRC
CEDAW
|
|
2003.6.18
2010.12.22
2010.12.22
2016.11.23
1990.9.21 2001.2.27
|
|
|
|
11.1.1* Proportion of households living in shared dwelling |
%
|
0.8
|
0.6
|
0.5
(2019)
|
|
11.2.1 Proportion of population that has
convenient access to public transport |
|
|
|
|
|
11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption
rate to population growth |
%
|
1.26
|
0.67
|
0.67
|
|
Indicators Unit
2015 2018 |
2020 |
|||
|
rate
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.4.2* Number of natural protection area |
number |
4
|
4
|
4
|
|
11.4.3* Number of natural monument |
number |
415
|
429
|
429
|
|
11.5.1 Number of deaths and missing persons attributed to disasters per
100 000 population Death Missing |
total
person person |
0.43
0.34
0.09
|
0.59
0.29
0.3
|
0.47
0.42
0.05
|
|
11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to GDP,
attributed to disasters |
|
|
|
|
|
11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste regularly
collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste
generated, by cities |
%
|
|
|
|
|
11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate
matter in cities PM 2.5 micrograms PM 10 micrograms |
per
m3 |
|
|
|
|
11.7.1 Average share of the built-up area of
cities that is open space for public use |
|
|
|
|
|
11.a.1 Proportion of population living in cities |
%
|
61
|
62,3
(2019) |
|
|
11.b.1 National disaster risk reduction strategy |
year
|
-
|
2019
|
|
|
11.b.2 Proportion of local disaster risk reduction
plan adopted in line with national strategy |
%
|
0
|
0
|
100
|
|
12.2.2 Domestic material consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
12.4.1 Compliance to international agreements on
hazardous waste Basel Montreal Rotterdam Stockholm |
|
|
|
|
|
12.4.2 Hazardous waste generated per capita and proportion
of hazardous waste treated |
|
|
|
|
|
12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of material
recycled |
|
|
|
|
|
12.8.1 Extent to which education for sustainable
development is mainstreamed in education policies |
|
|
|
|
|
12.b.1 Number of sustainable tourism strategies or
policies and implemented action plans |
|
|
|
|
|
13.1.1 Number of deaths and missing persons attributed to disasters per
100 000 population Death Missing
|
total person person |
0.43
0.34
0.09
|
0.59
0.29
0.3
|
0.47
0.42
0.05
|
|
13.1.2 National disaster risk reduction strategy |
year
|
-
|
2019
|
|
|
13.1.3 Proportion of local disaster risk reduction
plan adopted in line with national strategy |
%
|
0
|
0
|
100
|
|
13.2.1 Number of national plan for greenhouse gas
emissions biennial update report submitted |
|
2nd
report (2012)
|
1st
report FNDC
(2016)
|
Updating
NDC
(2021)
|
|
13.3.1 Integration of climate change in education |
|
|
|
|
|
14.1.1 Index of coastal eutrophication and
floating plastic debris density (km2) |
km2
|
|
|
|
|
14.2.1 Proportion of national exclusive economic
zones |
%
|
-
|
|
|
|
Indicators |
Unit |
2015 |
2018 |
2020 |
|
managed
using ecosystem-based approaches |
|
|
|
|
|
14.3.1 Average marine acidity (pH) |
pH
|
|
|
|
|
14.4.1 Proportion of fish stocks within
biologically sustainable levels |
%
|
|
|
|
|
14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation to
marine areas |
%
|
0.7
(2016)
|
|
|
|
14.7.1 Sustainable fisheries as a proportion of
GDP |
%
|
|
|
|
|
15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land
area |
%
|
67.3
|
69.9
|
73.6
|
|
15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for
terrestrial and fresh water biodiversity that are covered by protected areas,
by ecosystem type |
%
|
|
|
|
|
15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest
management a) Proportion of forest
areas protected b) Increased rate of forest
area per year c) Volume of accumulation
of forest per hectare |
%
%
m3/ha
|
67.3
46
|
69.9
1.3
(2015~ 2018) 44 |
73.6
1.7
(2015~2020) 44 |
|
15.3.1 Proportion of land degraded over total land
area |
%
|
9.7
|
8.1
|
7.2
(2019)
|
|
15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of important
sites for mountain biodiversity |
%
|
4.6
|
|
|
|
15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index |
%
|
89
|
|
|
|
15.5.1 Red List Index Animals Plants Plants of lower order Threatened species |
|
0.89
0.94
|
|
|
|
15.8.1 Relevant national legislation for
prevention or control of invasive alien species “DPRK
Law on Animals and Plants Quarantine at Borders”
“Cartagena
Protocol on Bio Safety” |
|
1997.3.2
2003.7.29
|
|
|
|
15.9.1 Integration of biodiversity value
development planning |
%
|
10
|
|
|
|
15.a.1 Government expenditure on conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems |
|
|
|
|
|
16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe
walking alone around the area they live |
%
|
|
|
|
|
16.6.2 Proportion of population satisfied with
public services |
%
|
|
|
|
|
16.7.2 Proportion of population trust in
decision-making |
%
|
|
|
|
|
16.9.1 Birth registration of children under 5 |
%
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
|
17.6.1 Number of science and/or technology
cooperation agreements and programmes between countries, by type of
cooperation |
pcs
|
9
|
7
|
8
(2019)
|
*
Indicator newly added
** Indicator integrated with NDGs
Annex II The DPRK
Indicators and Values
[1] CBS, DPRK, 2018
[2] DPRK population census
[3] CBS, DPRK, 2020
INTRODUCTION
[4] “DPRK Socialist Constitution”
Article 25
[5] “DPRK Socialist Constitution”
Article 72
[6] “DPRK Socialist Constitution”
Article 53
[7] “DPRK Socialist Constitution”
Article 56
[8] “Socialist Constitution of the DPRK” Article 76
[9] MoEPI, DPRK, 2017
[10] UNDP project “Sustainable Energy Solutions for Rural Livelihoods in
DPRK”, 2015-2019
[11] This value is calculated according to the metadata of Indicator
7.1.1 and its references of “The SE4ALL Global
Tracking
Framework Report (2013)” and “The SE4ALL Global Tracking Framework Report
(2015)”
[12] “DPRK Socialist Constitution” Article 31, Article 70
[13] SAoS, DPRK, 2018
PROGRESS ON
GOALS AND TARGETS
[14] “Socialist Constitution of the DPRK” Article 65, 66
[15] The 5-6th Report of the DPRK on the implementation of
CRC was submitted to UN in 2017
[16] The 3rd cycle report of the DPRK on UPR was submitted
and reviewed in 2019
[17] CBS, DPRK
[18] EM-DAT, when the criteria are satisfied, that more than 10 persons
died was reported, that more than 100 persons damaged reported, emergency
situation declared, or international assistance needed, will record it as
disaster.
[19] The DPRK Red List Index (plants), MAV National Committee, 2004
[20] Protection and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, Encyclopedia
Publishing House, DPRK, 2013
[21] Rare Plants of Our Country, Encyclopedia publishing House, DPRK,
2016
[22] Endangered Animals, Science-Technology Publishing House, DPRK, 2016
[23] “Socialist Constitution of the DPRK” Article 4 and 64
[24] “Socialist Constitution of the DPRK” Article 69
[25] DPRK Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
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