Friday, January 31, 2020

ラジオ・フリー・アジア - Wikipedia

ラジオ・フリー・アジア - Wikipedia

RFAは、「国内メディアを通じて、完全で均衡のとれた報道へと定期的に接することができないアジアの聴取者に対し、ニュースとその関連情報を放送する」こと及び、放送と聴取者参加番組を通じて、「多くの各アジア人民が欠乏している、ある事物に対する批評意見への見聞きを充足させる」ことを目指している。
ラジオ・フリー・アジアの報道の幾つかは、アジアの優れた人権報道に送られる Hong Kong Human Rights Press Awards やニューヨークフェスティバルに於ける International Radio Program Awards、環境問題についてのジャーナリスト組織である Society of Environmental Journalists から表彰されるなど、国際的に高い評価を獲得している[5][6][7]。
その一方で、ビル・クリントン政権時代にアメリカ合衆国国務省でアジアの人権問題を担当した、ブルッキングス研究所のキャサリン・ダルピーノは、ラジオ・フリー・アジアの報道は米国と敵対関係にある国の反体制派や亡命者の意見に非常に偏っており中立ではなく、その国で現実に何が起きているかの報道よりも、民主主義の教科書的意見を代弁したり、アメリカ合衆国連邦政府の宣伝報道の様だと評価している[8]。

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자유 아시아 방송 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

자유 아시아 방송 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전



자유 아시아 방송

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
둘러보기로 가기검색하러 가기
방송국명
한국어자유아시아방송
영어Radio Free Asia
방송국 개요
국적미국, 대한민국
미국지사미국, 워싱턴 D.C.
방송국위치서울특별시 용산구 두텁바위로 445
방송목적국제방송
개국일1996년
공식사이트[1](한국어)
자유아시아방송(Radio Free Asia, 줄임 RFA)은 1994년 미국 국회가 입법한 국제 방송법(International Broadcasting Act)에 따라, 1996년에 미국의회의 출자, 투자에 따라 세워진 국제방송국이다. 미국하원의 지원을 받아 9개 언어로 아시아 전지역을 향해 단파방송을 하고 있다. 지사는 미국워싱턴 D.C.에 있으며, 한국어・조선말 방송국 위치는 대한민국 서울특별시 용산구에 있다.
자유아시아방송의 지침은, 설교하지 말 것, 강의하지 말 것, 직접적인 메시지 전달방식을 피할 것, 주관적인 표현을 피할 것, 어떤 아젠다도 제시하지 말 것 등으로 사실전달의 목적이 분명하다.

연혁[편집]

한국어・조선말방송[편집]

 이 문단의 내용은 출처가 분명하지 않습니다. 지금 바로 이 문단을 편집하여, 참고하신 문헌이나 신뢰할 수 있는 출처를 각주 등으로 표기해 주세요. 검증되지 않은 내용은 삭제될 수도 있습니다. 내용에 대한 의견이 있으시다면 토론 문서에서 나누어 주세요. (2012년 2월 17일에 문단의 출처가 요청되었습니다.)
자유아시아방송은 보도와 정보에 자유롭게 접근하지 못하는 조선민주주의인민공화국 주민들을 대리한다는 목적하에 사실의 전달에만 치중하고 있다.
방송편성의 경우, 하루 5시간씩 한반도 주변의 소식과 논평, 기획보도물을 방송하고 있다. 최근에는 단파방송과 더불어, 중파방송은 극동방송과 표준FM은 국방FM에서 시작하였다.
조선민주주의인민공화국은 그동안 외국방송이 자국의 사회주의 체제에 나쁜 영향을 끼친다는 판단 아래에, 주민들로 하여금 모든 바깥 라디오방송의 청취를 금지시켜 왔다. 일례로 북조선 인민이 외국에서 현금을 주고 라디오를 사들여 국내로 들여오면, 반드시 이를 당국에 제출해 채널을 고정시키는 과정을 거치도록 했다. 이를 통해 북조선은 주민들이 김정일과 그의 한집안의 공적을 찬양하는 공영방송만 청취하도록 만들었다. 문제는 이것이 지금까지 주목할 만한 효과를 거두었다는 사실이다. 이는 인민반으로 구성된 감시조직이다. 서로가 타인의 남한방송과 같은 외국라디오방송의 청취를 감시해 왔다. 외국방송을 청취한 주민들에 대한 당국의 처벌은 매우 엄중하다.
그러나, 이와 같은 상황이 90년대 들어서 중국의 국경을 통한 탈북이 이어지면서 뒤집어지기 시작했다. 특히, 북조선 밀수업자들은 중국을 통해 라디오를 대거 북조선으로 흘려들여왔는데, 크기가 작아 휴대가 편하고 감시를 피하기에 수월했다. 때문에 북한도 이제 라디오를 찾아볼 수 없는 사회가 아니며, 더 많은 북한주민들이 외부세계에 관해서 관심을 기울이기 시작했다. 이로 말미암아, 탈북자의 다수가 자유아시아방송으로 탈북을 결심했다고 한다.

한국어 방송 주파수[편집]

(2019년 5월 기준)
  • 매일 6시간 방송
한국 표준시단파 주파수중파 주파수표준FM 주파수
00:00 ~ 02:005850, 7540 kHz1188 kHz96.7MHz
02:00 ~ 04:009990, 11985 kHz
06:00 ~ 07:009540, 11945, 11985 kHz
19:00 ~ 20:001566 kHz

방송 송출 시설망[편집]

라디오 방송은 양평을 포함한 전방 지역과 수도권 일부, 경상북도 포항시를 포함한 경북 동해안 일부, 제주, 계룡대, 광주광역시 지역에서만 수신이 가능하고 기타 후방지역에서는 수신이 불가능하다.
송신소주파수출력호출 부호송신소 위치
남산 송신소FM 96.7MHz2kWHLSF-FM서울 용산구 용산동2가 산1-3
감악산 중계소FM 96.3MHz100W경기 파주시 적성면 객현리 산182
용문산 중계소FM 101.1MHz3kW경기 양평군 옥천면 용천리 산2-1
백령 간이중계소FM 89.5MHz인천 옹진군 백령면 진촌리 산75-1
화악산 송신소FM 96.7MHz5kW경기 가평군 북면 화악2리 산218-2
대암산 중계소FM 101.5MHz100W강원 인제군 서화면 서흥리 산170
기린 간이중계소FM 93.3MHz20W강원 인제군 상남면 하남리 산2
괘방산 송신소FM 92.5MHz3kW강원 강릉시 강동면 정동진리 산19-1
향적산 송신소FM 100.1MHz200W충남 계룡시 엄사면 향한리 산50-1
무등산 송신소FM 96.5MHz500W광주 동구 용연동 산354-4
조항산 송신소FM 92.7MHz경북 포항시 남구 동해면 석리 산94-1
미악산 송신소FM 94.1MHz3kW제주 서귀포시 동흥동 산7

방송 언어[편집]

같이 보기[편집]

외부 링크[편집]

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Radio Free Asia - Wikipedia

Radio Free Asia - Wikipedia

Radio Free Asia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Radio Free Asia
Radio Free Asia (logo).png
AbbreviationRFA
Formation1951
Type501(
Radio Free Asia (RFA) is a United States government-funded, nonprofit international broadcasting corporation that broadcasts and publishes online news, information and commentary to readers and listeners in East Asia. Its self-stated mission is "to provide accurate and timely news and information to Asian countries whose governments prohibit access to a free press."[4]
Based on Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, it was established in the 1990s with the aim of promoting democratic values and human rights, and diminishing Chinese Communist control.[5] It is funded by a grant from the U.S. Agency for Global Media (formerly the "Broadcasting Board of Governors"), an independent agency of the United States government.[6] In 2017, RFA and other networks, such as Voice of America, were put under the newly created US Agency for Global Media, an independent federal agency.[7]
A short-lived earlier incarnation of Radio Free Asia also existed in the 1950s, as an anti-Communist propaganda operation funded by the CIA.[5][8]
RFA distributes content in nine Asian languages for audiences in China, North Korea, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Burma.[9]

History[edit]

Radio Free Asia was founded and funded in the 1950s by an organization called "Committee for Free Asia" as an anti-communist propaganda operation, broadcasting from RCA facilities in Manila, Philippines,[10] and Dacca and Karachi, Pakistan (there may be other sites) until 1961. Some offices were in Tokyo. The parent organization was given as the Asia Foundation. Radio Free Asia went off the air in 1955.[11] In 1971 CIA involvement ended and all responsibilities were transferred to a presidentially appointed Board for International Broadcasting (BIB).[12][13][14]
With the passage of International Broadcasting Act in 1994, RFA was brought under auspices of the United States Information Agency where it remained until the agency's cessation of broadcasting duties and transitioned to U.S. Department of State operated BBG in 1999. In May 1994, President Bill Clinton announced the continuation of Radio Free Asia after 2009 was dependent on its increased international broadcasting and ability to reach its audience.[15] In September 2009, the 111th Congress amended the International Broadcasting Act to allow a one-year extension of the operation of Radio Free Asia.[16]
The current Radio Free Asia is a US-funded organization, incorporated in March 1996, and began broadcasting in September 1996. It bears no relation to the 1950 organization.[17]
RFA broadcasts in nine languages, via shortwave, satellite transmissions, medium-wave (AM and FM radio), and through the Internet. The first transmission was in Mandarin Chinese and it is RFA's most broadcast language at twelve hours per day. RFA also broadcasts in Cantonese, Tibetan (Kham, Amdo, and Uke dialects), Uyghur, Burmese, Vietnamese, Lao, Khmer (to Cambodia) and Korean (to North Korea). The Korean service launched in 1997 with Jaehoon Ahn as its founding director.[18]
After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 American interest in starting a government broadcasting organization grew.[19] The International Broadcasting Act was passed by the Congress of the United States in 1994. Radio Free Asia is formally a private, non-profit corporation.[20] RFA is funded by an annual federal grant from and administered by the U.S. Agency for Global Media, which also serves as RFA's corporate board of directors.

International response[edit]

Radio jamming and Internet blocking[edit]

Further information: Radio jamming in China and Radio jamming in Korea
Since broadcasting began in 1996, Chinese authorities have consistently jammed RFA broadcasts.[21]
Three RFA reporters were denied access to China to cover U.S. President Bill Clinton's visit in June 1998. The Chinese embassy in Washington had initially granted visas to the three but revoked them shortly before President Clinton left Washington en route to Beijing. The White House and United States Department of State filed complaints with Chinese authorities over the matter but the reporters ultimately did not make the trip.[21][22]
The Vietnamese-language broadcast signal was also jammed by the Vietnamese government since the beginning.[23] Human rights legislation has been proposed in Congress that would allocate money to counter the jamming.[24] Research by the OpenNet Initiative, a project that monitors Internet filtering by governments worldwide, showed that the Vietnamese-language portion of the Radio Free Asia website was blocked by both of the tested ISPs in Vietnam, while the English-language portion was blocked by one of the two ISPs.[25]
To address radio jamming and Internet blocking by the governments of the countries that it broadcasts to, the RFA website contains instruction on how to create anti-jamming antennas and information on web proxies.[26]
On March 30, 2010, China's Web filter, known as "the Great Firewall", temporarily blocked all Google searches in China, due to an unintentional association with the long-censored term "rfa."[27] According to Google, the letters, associated with Radio Free Asia, were appearing in the URLs of all Google searches, thereby triggering China's filter to block search results.

Arrests of Uyghur journalists' relatives[edit]


Radio Free Asia's 6 Uighur journalists (2018)
In 2014–2015 China arrested three brothers of RFA Uyghur Service journalist Shohret Hoshur. Their jailing was widely described by Western publishers as Chinese authorities' efforts to target Hoshur for his reports on otherwise unreported violent events of ethnic Han-Uygur tensions in China's Xinjiang region.[28][29][30][31] Much larger numbers of relatives of RFA’s Uygur-language staff have since been detained.[32]
RFA is the only station outside China that broadcasts in the Uygur-language.[32] It has been recognized for played a vital role in exposing Xinjiang re-education camps.[33][34][35] New York Times regards RFA as one of the few reliable sources of information about Xinjiang.[28]

Mission[edit]

Broadcasting Information (Channels 1, 2, 3, 4)
Language ServiceLaunch DateDaily
Broadcast Hours
BurmeseFebruary 19978 Hours, Daily
÷ over 3 channels
CantoneseMay 19987 Hours, Daily
÷ over 2 channels
KhmerSeptember 19975 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
KoreanMarch 19979 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
LaoAugust 19975 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
MandarinSeptember 199624 Hours, Daily
÷ over 3 channels
TibetanDecember 199623 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
UyghurDecember 19986 Hours, Daily, 1 ch
VietnameseFebruary 19978 Hours, Daily
÷ over 2 channels
Its functions, as listed in 22 U.S.C. § 6208, are:
  1. [to] provide accurate and timely information, news, and commentary about events in Asia and elsewhere; and
  2. [to] be a forum for a variety of opinions and voices from within Asian nations whose people do not fully enjoy freedom of expression.
Additionally, the International Broadcasting Act of 1994 (Title III of Pub.L. 103–236), which authorised the creation of the RFA, contains the following paragraph:
The continuation of existing U.S. international broadcasting, and the creation of a new broadcasting service to people of the People's Republic of China and other countries of Asia, which lack adequate sources of free information and ideas, would enhance the promotion of information and ideas, while advancing the goals of U.S. foreign policy.
This appears among a list of both "Congressional Findings and Declarations of Purpose", though which it is, is not specified. The subsequent section, outlining "Standards and Principles" states that all US-funded broadcasting should be "consistent with the broad foreign policy objectives of the United States", with news that is "consistently reliable and authoritative, accurate, objective, and comprehensive".[36]

Criticism[edit]

In 1999, Catharin Dalpino of the Brookings Institution, who served in the Clinton State Department as a deputy assistant secretary deputy for human rights, called Radio Free Asia "a waste of money." "Wherever we feel there is an ideological enemy, we're going to have a Radio Free Something," she says. Dalpino said she has reviewed scripts of Radio Free Asia's broadcasts and views the station's reporting as unbalanced. "They lean very heavily on reports by and about dissidents in exile. It doesn't sound like reporting about what's going on in a country. Often, it reads like a textbook on democracy, which is fine, but even to an American it's rather propagandistic."[37]
According to a report by the Congressional Research Service of the U.S. government, official state-controlled newspapers in China have run editorials claiming Radio Free Asia is a CIA broadcast operation, as was the case with the first Radio Free Asia.[19]
North Korea's state-run Korean Central News Agency has referred to Radio Free Asia as "reptile broadcasting services."[38] Kim Chol-min, third secretary of North Korea, in statement submitted at the United Nations, accused the United States of engaging in "psychological warfare" with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea through RFA.[39]
Following the Burmese Saffron Revolution in the fall of 2007, the Myanmar junta held rallies attended by thousands holding signs that condemned external interference and accused Radio Free Asia, the Voice of America, and the BBC of "airing a skyful of lies."[40] In October 2007, Burmese state-run newspaper The New Light of Myanmar singled out "big powers" and Radio Free Asia, among other international broadcasters, as inciting protesters during the Saffron Revolution.[41]

Awards[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Bay Fang Named Radio Free Asia's New President". RFA. November 20, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  2. ^ "Parameswaram Ponnudurai, Executive Editor". RFA. November 20, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b "RFA – USAGM". Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  4. ^ Radio Free Asia – About Retrieved 10 November 2015
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b David Welch (November 27, 2013). Propaganda, Power and Persuasion: From World War I to Wikileaks. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-737-3.
  6. ^ "About". Broadcasting Board of Governors. n.d. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  7. ^ "US Launches New Mandarin Network as Washington and Beijing Battle for Global Influence". South China Morning Post. November 24, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  8. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (April 1, 1953). "Memorandum For: Special Assistant to the President; International Radio Broadcasting by Radio Free Asia" (PDF). foia.cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  9. ^ "Radio Free Asia | USAGov".
  10. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (April 1, 1953). "Memorandum For: Special Assistant to the President; International Radio Broadcasting by Radio Free Asia" (PDF). foia.cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  11. ^ "Worldwide Propaganda Network Built by the C.I.A." New York Times. December 26, 1977. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  12. ^ Tom Engelhardt: "The End of Victory Culture". Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (University of Massachusetts Press 1998); p. 120. ISBN 1-55849-133-3.
  13. ^ Helen Laville, Hugh Wilford: "The US Government, Citizen Groups And the Cold War". p. 215. The State-Private Network (Routledge 1996). ISBN 0-415-35608-3.
  14. ^ Daya Kishan Thussu: "International Communication". Continuity and Change (Arnold 2000). p. 37. ISBN 0-340-74130-9.
  15. ^ Executive Order 12, 850, 3 C.F.R. 606, 607 § 1(b).
  16. ^ Bill Text Versions for the 111th Congress, 2009–2010. The Library of Congress.[1]
  17. ^ Mann, Jim (September 30, 1996). "After 5 Years of Political Wrangling, Radio Free Asia Becomes a Reality". Los Angeles Times. Times Mirror Company. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  18. ^ Brown, Emma (June 10, 2011). "Jaehoon Ahn, reporter and Post researcher, dies". Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  19. ^ Jump up to:a b Susan B. Epstein: CRS Report for Congress Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
  20. ^ "Governance and Corporate Leadership". Radio Free Asia. n.d. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  21. ^ Jump up to:a b Mann, "China Bars 3 Journalists From Clinton's Trip", The Los Angeles Times, June 23, 1998
  22. ^ Sieff/Scully "Radio Free Asia reporters stay home; Clinton kowtows to Beijing's ban, critics contend", The Washington Times, June 24, 1998
  23. ^ "Radio Free Asia says broadcasts to Vietnam are being jammed". CNN. February 7, 1997. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  24. ^ "H.R. 1587 Vietnam Human Rights Act of 2004". Congressional Budget Office. June 24, 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  25. ^ "OpenNet Initiative: Vietnam". OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  26. ^ "RFA: Anti-jamming antenna". Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  27. ^ Censky, Annalyn (March 30, 2010). "Google blames China's 'great firewall' for outage". CNN. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  28. ^ Jump up to:a b Forsythe, Michael (July 31, 2015). "A Voice From China's Uighur Homeland, Reporting From the U.S." New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  29. ^ Casey, Michael (July 9, 2015). "China's War Against One American Journalist". Slate. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  30. ^ Denyur, Simon (January 8, 2015). "China uses long-range intimidation of U.S. reporter to suppress Xinjiang coverage". Washington Post. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  31. ^ Editorial Board (June 9, 2015). "China exports repression beyond its borders". Washington Post. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  32. ^ Jump up to:a b "To suppress news of Xinjiang's gulag, China threatens Uighurs abroad". The Economist. October 23, 2019.
  33. ^ "Knowledge of China's gulag owes much to American-backed radio". The Economist. October 26, 2019.
  34. ^ Hiatt, Fred (November 3, 2019). "In China, every day is Kristallnacht". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  35. ^ "What It's Like to Report on Rights Abuses Against Your Own Family". The Atlantic. March 1, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  36. ^ Pub.L. 103–236, Sec. 303
  37. ^ Dick Kirschten: Broadcast News May 1, 1999
  38. ^ "KCNA raps U.S. despicable psychological warfare against DPRK," February 22, 2008 BBC Monitoring Service
  39. ^ General Assembly GA/SPD/430 United Nations Department of Public Information, October 2009
  40. ^ On Quiet Streets of Myanmar Fear Is a Constant Companion International Herald Tribune. October 21, 2007
  41. ^ Myanmar guards accused of detainee abuse Associated Press. October 11, 2007
  42. ^ Duggan, Paul; Clarence Williams (November 1, 2008). "Cover-Up Alleged in D.C. Killing Of Lawyer". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2008.

Further reading[edit]

Library resources about
Radio Free Asia
  • Engelhardt, Tom (1998). The End of Victory Culture. Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-133-3.
  • Laville, Helen; Wilford, Hugh (1996). The US Government, Citizen Groups And the Cold War. The State-Private Network. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35608-3.
  • Thussu, Daya Kishan (2000). International Communication. Continuity and Change. Arnold. ISBN 0-340-74130-9.
  • Defty, Andrew (2004). Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda, 1945–53. The Information Research Department. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5443-4.

External links[edit]


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