Tuesday, March 26, 2019

Module 3: Environmental health

  • Module 3: Environmental health

    We cannot  deny the impact that our environment has on our health. In the context of rapid urbanisation and rapid development, the environment can have huge impacts on how we life and on our health. At the same time, the environment is key to social determinants of health - those who are poor or discriminated against usually live in a poorer environment. 
    The below readings give you a good overview of the environment and health, and some more specific issues. The lectures in this module, however, span from flooding to water, sanitation and hygiene, antimicrobial resistance (very important in health today!) and finally ending in an one health approach describing how we are inextricably connected with our environment. 
    Just for fun (and not part of your formal assessment), here's a quiz from National Geographic on pollution. Look out for the question about indoor air pollution, very important for human health. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution-quiz/
    Optional Readings   ?          
     Textbooks
    1. Environmental Health: From Global to Local (Public Health/Environmental Health) 3rd Edition. Ed. by Howard Frumkin (2016)
    2. Environmental Health. Fourth Edition. Dade W. Moeller (2011). Harvard University Press.
    3. Essentials of Environmental Health, Second Edition. Robert H. Friis (2012)
    Classic book
    Diamond, Jared. (1997) Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York. W.W. Norton. [Suom. Tykit, taudit ja teräs; 2003]
    Compulsory readings: [OK read] 
    1. Das, Horton: Pollution, health and the planet: time for decisive action: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32588-6/fulltext (register; it's free of charge)
    2. Holmes et al 2018: Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(15)00473-0.pdf

    Relevant Articles
    1. Impact of regional climate change on human health. Patz, J.A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T., Foley, J.A.   2005  Nature 438(7066), pp. 310-317 
    2. Climate change and human health: Present and future risks. McMichael, A.J., Woodruff, R.E., Hales, S.   2006  Lancet 367(9513), pp. 859-869 
    3. The Lancet commission on pollution and health: https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/pollution-and-health

  • 3.1 The environment and health - Dr Jutta Pulkki

    Several approaches exist to safeguard health in the era of eco-system crises. In this lecture three most influential concepts at the moment, One Health, EcoHealth, and Planetary Health, are presented and compared revealing their similarities and differences. As these approaches seem, however, to ignore the root reasons why the ecosystem crisis - and thus new threats to human health - are occurring in a first place, also more or less unknown eco-social approach to health is presented.
    The purpose of the lecture is to add knowledge regarding the important approaches in the field and to offer conceptual tools to discern the knowledge of the interlinkage of health and ecological issues.
    The lecture is posted on the Tampere University server. When clicking the link below, you will encounter a page that is completely in Finnish. 
    Enter the password in this section on the page:

    passcode
    And click the button "lähetä".

    You can access the lecture here: 
    The password is: healthsystems
    Readings:
    Roger, F., Caron, A., Morand, S., Pedrono, M., de Garine-Wichatitsky, M., Chevalier, C., … Binot, A. (2016). One Health and EcoHealth: the same wine in different bottles? Infection Ecology & Epidemiology: The One Health Journal.
    Lerner, H., & Berg, C. (2017). A Comparison of Three Holistic Approaches to Health: One Health, EcoHealth, and Planetary Health. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4(September), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00163
    Hancock, T. (2015). Population health promotion 2.0: An eco-social approach to public health in the Anthropocene. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 106(4), e252–e255. https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.106.5161

  • 3.2. Flooding - Dr Carlos Gundran

    This presentation was made by Dr Gundran from the Philippines when he was visiting Tampere University. 
    Extreme weather conditions are likely to increase, and with that, flooding. Flooding can cause drowning in the first place, but it can also increase other health conditions and cause other injuries. Dr Gundran is an expert in disaster medicine and kindly put together this lecture to give you an idea of what impacts flooding has on health and health systems. 
    The lecture is posted on the Tampere University server. When clicking the link below, you will encounter a page that is completely in Finnish. 
    Enter the password in this section on the page "anna polkuavain" and click the button "lähetä"
    You can access the recordings of this lecture through this link:
    password tulvat811

    Readings for this lecture:
    1. World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. (2018). Environmental health in selected asian countries. Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. - From this publication, choose three Asian countries 
    2. Saulnier, D. D., Brolin Ribacke, K., & Von Schreeb, J. (2017). No Calm after the Storm: A Systematic Review of Human Health Following Flood and Storm Disasters. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 32(5), 568–579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X17006574

  • 3.3. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - Associate professor Vishal Diwan

    This presentation discusses the important environmental issue of water, sanitation, and hygiene. Over 1000 children die every day from preventable diseases related to water and sanitation. Rapid urbanisation and lack of appropriate infrastructure contribute towards sanitation and hygiene challenges, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. 
    This is something that we don't often think of, particularly here in the Nordics, where water and sanitation facilities are in abundance and we've perhaps too few people, not too many! In Asia, however, this remains an important environmental challenge. 
    Readings alongside this lecture:
    1. Troeger, C., Forouzanfar, M., Rao, P. C., Khalil, I., Brown, A., Reiner, R. C., … Mokdad, A. H. (2017). Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(9), 909–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30276-1
    2. Campbell, O. M. R., Benova, L., Gon, G., Afsana, K., & Cumming, O. (2015). Getting the basic rights - the role of water, sanitation and hygiene in maternal and reproductive health: A conceptual framework. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 20(3), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12439
    3. Dangour, A. D., Watson, L., Cumming, O., Boisson, S., Che, Y., Velleman, Y., … Uauy, R. (2013). Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutrition status of children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 8, CD009382. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (8). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2.www.cochranelibrary.com
    4.World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Water , Sanitation And Hygiene strategy 2018-2025. Geneva.




  • 3.4. Antimicrobial resistance - Associate professor Vishal Diwan

    Antimicrobial resistance is a key challenge in health systems today. If we don't have antibiotics, we return back to a time where common infections and injuries could kill. Resistance is growing, due to poor antibiotic stewardship and irresponsible use. This presentation by associate professor Diwan gives an overview of this issue in India. 
    Required readings:
    Finley, R. L., Collignon, P., Larsson, D. G. J., Mcewen, S. A., Li, X. Z., Gaze, W. H., … Topp, E. (2013). The scourge of antibiotic resistance: The important role of the environment. Clinical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit355
    Larsson, D. G. J., Andremont, A., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Brandt, K. K., de Roda Husman, A. M., Fagerstedt, P., … Wernersson, A. S. (2018). Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.041
    Berendonk, T. U., Manaia, C. M., Merlin, C., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Cytryn, E., Walsh, F., … Martinez, J. L. (2015). Tackling antibiotic resistance: The environmental framework. Nature Reviews Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3439
    Suggested readings:
    Kümmerer, K. (2009). Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - A review - Part I. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.086
    Kümmerer, K. (2009). Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - A review - Part II. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.006


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